Association of Maternal Diabetes Mellitus and Polymorphisms of the NKX2.5 Gene in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: A Single Centre-Based Case-Control Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics comparison between control group and case group.
Variables
Control group ()
Case group ()
Univariable analysis
Demographic characteristics
Maternal age at this pregnancy (years)
≤24
124 (20.0%)
176 (28.4%)
;
25-29
261 (42.1%)
235 (37.9%)
30-34
152 (24.5%)
122 (19.7%)
≥35
83 (13.4%)
87 (14.0%)
Education level
Less than primary or primary
7 (1.1%)
87 (14.0%)
;
Junior high school
117 (18.9%)
263 (42.4%)
Senior middle school
217 (35.0%)
167 (26.9%)
College or above
279 (45.0%)
103 (16.6%)
Body mass index before this pregnancy
<18.5
156 (25.8%)
112 (18.3%)
;
18.5-23.99
340 (56.3%)
404 (65.9%)
≥24
108 (17.9%)
97 (15.8%)
Family’s annual income in the past 1 year (RMB)
≤50,000
179 (28.9%)
494 (79.7%)
;
60,000-100,000
267 (43.1%)
92 (14.8%)
110,000-150,000
57 (9.2%)
12 (1.9%)
≥160,000
117 (18.9%)
22 (3.5%)
Residence location
Rural areas
342 (55.2%)
444 (71.6%)
;
Urban areas
278 (44.8%)
176 (28.4%)
Abnormal pregnancy history
Spontaneous abortion
No
560 (90.3%)
545 (87.9%)
;
Yes
60 (9.7%)
75 (12.1%)
Induced abortion or labor
No
428 (69.0%)
363 (58.5%)
;
Yes
192 (31.0%)
257 (41.5%)
Fetal death or stillbirth
No
618 (99.7%)
584 (94.2%)
;
Yes
2 (0.3%)
36 (5.8%)
Premature delivery
No
614 (99.0%)
603 (97.3%)
;
Yes
6 (1.0%)
17 (2.7%)
Low birth weight
No
617 (99.5%)
603 (97.3%)
;
Yes
3 (0.5%)
17 (2.7%)
Neonatal death
No
620 (100.0%)
603 (97.3%)
;
Yes
0 (0.0%)
17 (2.7%)
Embryo damage
No
610 (98.4%)
604 (97.4%)
;
Yes
10 (1.6%)
16 (2.6%)
Hypertension of pregnancy
No
611 (98.5%)
577 (93.1%)
;
Yes
9 (1.5%)
43 (6.9%)
Placenta previa
No
615 (99.2%)
613 (98.9%)
;
Yes
5 (0.8%)
7 (1.1%)
Placental abruption
No
620 (100.0%)
620 (100.0%)
Yes
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Premature rupture of membranes
No
620 (100.0%)
615 (99.2%)
(Fisher’s exact test)
Yes
0 (0.0%)
0.8%
Anemia during pregnancy
No
598 (96.5%)
554 (89.4%)
;
Yes
22 (3.5%)
66 (10.6%)
Family history
Consanguineous marriages
No
617 (99.5%)
599 (96.6%)
;
Yes
3 (0.5%)
21 (3.4%)
Congenital malformations
No
615 (99.2%)
584 (94.2%)
;
Yes
5 (0.8%)
36 (5.8%)
Personal medical history
Personal history of congenital malformations
No
617 (99.5%)
611 (98.5%)
;
Yes
3 (0.5%)
9 (1.5%)
Cold history in the 3 months before this pregnancy
No
548 (88.4%)
499 (80.5%)
;
Yes
72 (11.6%)
121 (19.5%)
Fever history in the 3 months before this pregnancy
No
608 (98.1%)
569 (91.8%)
;
Yes
12 (1.9%)
51 (8.2%)
Cold history during this pregnancy
No
488 (78.7%)
413 (66.6%)
;
Yes
132 (21.3%)
207 (33.4%)
Fever history during this pregnancy
No
601 (96.9%)
561 (90.5%)
;
Yes
19 (3.1%)
59 (9.5%)
Lifestyle and habit
History of active smoking in the 3 months before this pregnancy
No
607 (97.9%)
584 (94.2%)
;
Yes
13 (2.1%)
36 (5.8%)
History of passive smoking in the 3 months before this pregnancy
No
393 (63.4%)
293 (47.3%)
;
Yes
227 (36.6%)
327 (52.7%)
Drinking history in the 3 months before this pregnancy
No
577 (93.1%)
539 (86.9%)
;
Yes
43 (6.9%)
81 (13.1%)
History of drinking tea in the 3 months before this pregnancy
No
503 (81.1%)
542 (87.4%)
;
Yes
117 (18.9%)
78 (12.6%)
History of drinking coffee in the 3 months before this pregnancy
No
592 (95.5%)
565 (91.1%)
;
Yes
28 (4.5%)
55 (8.9%)
History of chewing betel nut in the 3 months before this pregnancy
No
608 (98.4%)
593 (95.6%)
;
Yes
10 (1.6%)
27 (4.4%)
Frequency of cosmetics use in the 3 months before this pregnancy
Never
360 (58.1%)
293 (47.3%)
;
Sometime
174 (28.1%)
150 (24.2%)
Often
40 (6.5%)
105 (16.9%)
Every day
46 (7.4%)
72 (11.6%)
Did you keep pets in the 3 months before this pregnancy?
No
573 (92.4%)
537 (86.6%)
;
Yes
47 (7.6%)
83 (13.4%)
Did you often dye or perm your hair in the 3 months before this pregnancy?
No
584 (94.2%)
547 (88.2%)
;
Yes
36 (5.8%)
73 (11.8%)
Exposure history to environmental hazardous substance
Was there a factory near place of residence that discharges environmentally harmful substances?
No
574 (92.6%)
503 (81.1%)
;
Yes
46 (7.4%)
117 (18.9%)
Was there a traffic road or a noisy factory near where you live (noise exposure)?
No
506 (81.6%)
446 (71.9%)
;
Yes
114 (18.4%)
174 (28.1%)
Was your house newly renovated in the 3 months before this pregnancy?
