The Association between Diabetes-Related Distress and Medication Adherence in Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 4
Association between individual item responses of PAID scale and medication adherence status of patients with T2DM receiving treatment at Pantang Hospital.
Items
Total
Adherent (MARS-5 score of 25)
Unadjusted
(%a)
No, (%b)
Yes, (%b)
Odds ratio
value
No clear or concrete goals for diabetes care
0.468
No problem
137 (72.87)
89 (64.96)
48 (35.04)
ref
Problem
51 (27.13)
36 (70.59)
15 (29.41)
0.77 (0.38–1.55)
Feeling discouraged with diabetes treatment plan
0.007
No problem
108 (57.45)
63 (58.33)
45 (41.67)
ref
Problem
80 (42.55)
62 (77.5)
18 (22.5)
0.41 (0.21–0.78)
Scared about thoughts of living with diabetes
0.134
No problem
61 (32.45)
36 (59.02)
25 (40.98)
ref
Problem
127 (67.55)
89 (70.08)
38 (29.92)
0.61 (0.33–1.16)
Uncomfortable social situations related to diabetes
0.002
No problem
75 (39.89)
40 (53.33)
35 (46.67)
ref
Problem
113 (60.11)
85 (75.22)
28 (24.78)
0.38 (0.2–0.7)
Feelings of deprivation regarding food and meals
0.104
No problem
25 (13.3)
13 (52)
12 (48)
ref
Problem
163 (86.7)
112 (68.71)
51 (31.29)
0.49 (0.21–1.16)
Feeling depressed about thoughts of diabetes
0.313
No problem
51 (27.13)
31 (60.78)
20 (39.22)
ref
Problem
137 (72.87)
94 (68.61)
43 (31.39)
0.71 (0.36–1.38)
Not knowing if mood is related to diabetes
0.009
No problem
68 (36.17)
37 (54.41)
31 (45.59)
ref
Problem
120 (63.83)
88 (73.33)
32 (26.67)
0.43 (0.23–0.81)
Feeling overwhelmed by diabetes
0.177
No problem
40 (21.28)
23 (57.5)
17 (42.5)
ref
Problem
148 (78.72)
102 (68.92)
46 (31.08)
0.61 (0.3–1.25)
Worrying about low sugar reactions
0.019
No problem
57 (30.32)
45 (78.95)
12 (21.05)
ref
Problem
131 (69.68)
80 (61.07)
51 (38.93)
2.39 (1.16–4.95)
Feeling angry about thought of living with diabetes
0.023
No problem
60 (31.91)
33 (55)
27 (45)
ref
Problem
128 (68.09)
92 (71.88)
36 (28.13)
0.48 (0.25–0.91)
Feeling constantly concerned about food and eating
0.696
No problem
13 (6.91)
8 (61.54)
5 (38.46)
ref
Problem
175 (93.09)
117 (66.86)
58 (33.14)
0.79 (0.25–2.53)
Worrying about the future and complications
0.100
No problem
30 (15.96)
16 (53.33)
14 (46.67)
ref
Problem
158 (84.04)
109 (68.99)
49 (31.01)
0.51 (0.23–1.13)
Guilty and anxious when off track management
0.022
No problem
49 (26.06)
26 (53.06)
23 (46.94)
ref
Problem
139 (73.94)
99 (71.22)
40 (28.78)
0.46 (0.23–0.89)
Not accepting “diabetes”
0.085
No problem
115 (61.17)
71 (61.74)
44 (38.26)
ref
Problem
73 (38.83)
54 (73.97)
19 (26.03)
0.57 (0.3–1.08)
Feeling unsatisfied with diabetes physician
0.089
No problem
131 (69.68)
82 (62.6)
49 (37.4)
ref
Problem
57 (30.32)
43 (75.44)
14 (24.56)
0.54 (0.27–1.1)
Diabetes taking too much of mental energy
<0.001
No problem
50 (26.6)
21 (42)
29 (58.00)
ref
Problem
138 (73.4)
104 (75.36)
34 (24.64)
0.24 (0.12–0.47)
Feeling alone with diabetes
<0.001
No problem
84 (44.68)
44 (52.38)
40 (47.62)
ref
Problem
104 (55.32)
81 (77.88)
23 (22.12)
Six
Friends and family not supportive
0.497
No problem
69 (36.7)
48 (69.57)
21 (30.43)
ref
Problem
119 (63.3)
77 (64.71)
42 (35.29)
1.25 (0.66-2.35)
Coping with complications of diabetes
<0.001
No problem
76 (40.43)
39 (51.32)
37 (48.68)
ref
Problem
112 (59.57)
86 (76.79)
26 (23.21)
0.32 (0.17-0.6)
Feeling “burned out” by constant effort to manage
0.008
No problem
65 (34.57)
35 (53.85)
30 (46.15)
ref
Problem
123 (65.43)
90 (73.17)
33 (26.83)
0.43 (0.23-0.8)
%a: column percentage; %b: row percentages; : number of observations; ,, and ; CI: confidence interval; ref: reference category; LQ: lower quartile; UQ: upper quartile; values were obtained from an unadjusted binary logistic regression model.
