Potential Role of Gene Regulator NFAT5 in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

List of major kinases to regulate tonicity-dependent activation/inactivation of NFAT5.

Kinases	Upstream	Transactivating activity	Nuclear localization	Protein abundance
ATM [20–22]	c-Abl(+); P13K(+)	+	+	/
c-Abl [22]	/	+	+	/
CDK5 [23]	/	/	+	/
CK1 [24]	/	/	-	/
ERK1/2 [25, 26]	PKCα(+)	+	/	/
FAK [27]	/	/	/	+
Fyn [28]	/	+	/	/
GSK-3β [29]	PKA(-); P13K AKT1(-)	-	/	/
mTOR [30]	/	+	/	/
p38α [31–33]	MEKK3 MKK6(+); MKK3(+)	+	/	/
p38δ [31, 34]	MKK3(+)	-	/	/

ATM: ataxia telangiectasia mutated; c-Abl: cellular-abelsongene; CDK5: cyclin-dependent kinase 5; CK1: casein kinase 1; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, FAK: focal adhesion kinase; GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase-3β; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; +: increase; -: decrease; /: no effect or not mentioned.