Epidemiological Research Advances in Vascular Calcification in Diabetes

Table 1

International studies on prevalence of vascular calcification.

Reference	Author	Sample size	Ethnic	Calcification site	Conclusion
[76]	Akira Fujiyoshi et al.	1899	Caucasian men; Japanese men	Coronary artery calcification	Caucasian men in the United States had a higher burden of coronary atherosclerosis than Japanese men, but the ethnic difference was smaller in younger age groups.
[74]	Diane E. Bild et al.	6814	Whites; Blacks; Hispanics; Chinese	Coronary artery calcification	After adjusting the relevant factors, whites have most coronary calcifications, followed by Chinese and Hispanics, and blacks have the least calcifications.
[66]	Matthew J. Budoff et al.	16,560	Asians; African Americans; Hispanics	Coronary artery calcification	Increasing prevalence of calcification is noted for all ethnicities with increasing ages. Men had greater prevalence of calcification than women for each ethnicity. Among men, Caucasians are most likely to develop severe CAC (), while African Americans are the least likely to develop. But among women, African Americans are the most prone to severe CAC.
[78]	Erbel R et al.	5346	Americans; Germans	Coronary artery calcification	Coronary artery calcification prevalence was lower in the United States cohort than the German cohort.
[81]	George Youssef et al.	5886	Whites; Blacks; Hispanics; Chinese	Thoracic aortic calcification	Compared with whites, the progression of thoracic aortic calcification in blacks and Hispanics is significantly slower, and this change is not significant among Chinese.
[82]	A. Bellasi et al.	142	Blacks; Whites	Thoracic aortic calcification	Prevalence and severity of calcification of the thoracic aorta were similar among whites and blacks.
[83]	Tulika Jain et al.	6106	Non-Hispanic Caucasian; African American	Coronary artery calcification	There is no significant difference in coronary artery calcification between black and white men, but it is often higher in black women than in white women. At the same time, the death rate of coronary heart disease in blacks is not significantly higher than that of whites.
[71]	Christina L. Wassel et al.	1417	Blacks; Hispanics	Coronary artery calcification	Among African Americans, each SD increase in European ancestry was associated with an 8% (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.15; ) higher coronary artery calcification prevalence.
[72]	Peter R. Villadsen et al.	963	Caucasians; South Asian	Coronary artery calcification	The per cent noncalcified plaque composition was lower in Caucasians compared with SA. But the difference of Agatston calcium score () was seen in the nondiabetic group, but not in the diabetic group.
[73]	Erqou et al.	776	Blacks and whites	Coronary artery calcification	Blacks had less CAC than whites and 50% lower odds of a significant CAC score compared with whites. After adjusting for CVD risk factors, this difference still exists.

HNR = Heinz Nixdorf Recall study; MESA = multiethnic study of atherosclerosis; SESSA = Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis; SA = South Asian; CAC = coronary artery calcification; CVD = cardiovascular disease; SD = standard deviation.