The Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Dipeptydilpeptidase-4 Inhibitors on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Complications in Diabetes

Table 2

Significant clinical findings on the effects of GLP-1R activation on the cardiovascular system and blood pressure.

Trial number	Population of study	Used drug(s)	Effects on vascular function and BP	Ref.
—	30 patients with T1DM	GLP-1 infusion	Improves endothelial function, no significant effects on BP	[59]
NCT01859793	38 patients with T2DM	Sitagliptin	No significant effects on BP	[63]
UMIN000017770	60 patients with T2DM	Liraglutide and lixisenatide	Increase in HR and BP	[66]
NIHMS360699	24 patients with metabolic syndrome	Sitagliptin	Induces ANS (sympathetic) activity and increases BP	[88]
—	76 patients with T2DM	Alogliptin	Reduced BP by improving renal sufficiency	[95]
NCT01580514	58 patients with T2DM and cardiac dysfunction	Exenatide	Diminishes pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and improved coronary blood flow	[98]
NTC00294723	746 patients with early T2DM	Liraglutide	Potentially reduces blood pressure after 52 weeks	[109]
NCT00331851	581 patients with T2DM	Liraglutide	Has no significant effects on systolic blood pressure	[110]
—	929 patients with T2DM	Liraglutide	Reduced systolic blood pressure	[111]
NCT01333163	12 healthy young men	GLP-1 infusion	Declined angiotensin II and induces natriuresis	[102]
NCT01179048	9340 patients with T2DM	Liraglutide	Reduces the risk of cardiovascular disorders	[112]
NCT02465515	9463 patients with T2DM	Albiglutide	Diminishes the risk of diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications	[113]
NCT01147250	6068 patients with T2DM	Lixisenatide	No significant effects on diabetes-induced cardiovascular diseases	[114]
NCT01144338	14752 patients with T2DM	Exenatide	No significant effects on diabetes-induced cardiovascular diseases	[115]
NCT01755572	22 hypertensive subjects with T2DM	Liraglutide	While inducing natriuresis, it had no significant effects on blood pressure	[99]
NCT01664676	11 male patients with T2DM	Liraglutide	Reduces blood pressure in the short term by suppressing RAS activity and renal protection	[101]
—	11 subjects with T2DM	Liraglutide	Was unable to correct the abnormal elevation in nocturnal BP known to occur in patients with T2DM	[104]
NCT01720446	3297 patients with T2DM	Semaglutide	Reduces the risk of diabetes-induced cardiovascular problems	[116]