Association of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy and Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy with All-Cause Mortality: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Table 2

The association between CAN and DSPN (Cox proportional hazard models).

	Type 1 diabetes			Type 2 diabetes
	HR	95% CI		HR	95% CI
CAN
Model 1	1.16	0.5-2.71	0.727	1.31	1.07-1.61	0.009
Model 2				1.29	1.05-1.58	0.016
Model 3				1.33	1.08-1.63	0.007
Mutual model				1.32	1.07-1.64	0.01
DSPN
Model 1	2.50	1-6.28	0.05	1.54	1.26-1.88	≤0.0001
Model 2				1.53	1.25-1.86	≤0.0001
Model 3				1.49	1.22-1.83	≤0.0001
Mutual model				1.44	1.17-1.76	≤0.0001
Backward stepwise model	2.99	1.04-8.63	0.043

Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, height, BMI, current smoking, high level of alcohol consumption, diabetes duration; Model 2: as for Model 1+antihypertensive medication, known hypertension, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure; Model 3: as for Model 2+lipid lowering, antianginal, antiarrhythmic, platelet aggregation inhibitor, anticoagulant treatment, and simplified Charlson comorbidity index; Mutual model: as for Model 3 and both autonomic and sensory neuropathy; Backward stepwise model: adjusted for age, sex, and smoking; DSPN: distal symmetric polyneuropathy; CAN: cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy.