Factors Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis
Table 2
Summary of the meta-analysis of associated factors for GDM.
No.
Factors
No. studies included
OR
95% CI
heterogeneity
Bias heterogeneity
1
36
2.466
2.121, 2.866
96.2
<0.001
0.19
0.243
2
Prepregnancy overweight or obese
48
2.637
1.561, 4.453
99.8
<0.001
4.85
0.001
3
FHD
74
2.326
1.904, 2.843
94.7
<0.001
1.83
0.081
4
Primigravida
56
0.752
0.698, 0.810
94.7
<0.001
1.53
0.132
5
History of congenital anomaly
3
1.837
0.418, 8.067
0.0
0.421
—
—
6
History of GDM
24
21.137
8.785, 50.858
96.9
<0.001
1.35
0.181
7
History of macrosomia
26
2.539
1.612, 4.000
86.6
<0.001
2.24
0.035
8
HIV status
4
1.168
0.902, 1.512
0.0
0.238
—
—
9
History of stillbirth
11
2.341
1.435, 3.819
52.0
0.001
0.18
0.862
10
History of abortion
19
1.546
0.906, 2.639
94.3
0.110
0.26
0.800
11
History of premature delivery
3
3.013
1.569, 5.787
0.0
0.001
—
—
12
Pregestational smoking
9
2.322
1.359, 3.967
66.7
0.002
—
—
CI: confidence interval; FHD: family history of diabetes mellitus; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; OR: odds ratio.
