Research Article
Relationship between Hyponatremia and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Diabetes
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.
| | Corrected serum sodium (mmol/L) | | | Hyponatremia 130.0–135.0 () | Low-normal sodium 135.0–141.5 () | Medium-normal sodium 141.5–143.0 () | High-normal sodium 143.0–145.00 () | Hypernatremia 145.0–150.0 () |
| | Corrected serum sodium (mmol/L) | | | | | | <0.001 | | Serum sodium (mmol/L) | | | | | | <0.001 | | Age (year) | | | | | | 0.186 | | Male, (%) | 35 (62.5) | 303 (59.4) | 292 (57.3) | 273 (53.5) | 150 (43.9)d | <0.001 | | Duration of diabetes (year) | 9 (3.3–11.8) | 7 (2–10) | 7 (3–10) | 8 (3–12) | 8 (3–12) | 0.105 | | BMI (kg/m2) | | 24.6 ± 3.7a | | | | 0.004 | | Smoking, (%) | 18 (32.1) | 141 (27.6) | 139 (27.3) | 124 (24.3) | 63 (18.4)d | 0.013 | | Drinking, (%) | 6 (10.7) | 59 (11.6) | 70 (13.7) | 49 (9.6)c | 23 (6.7) | 0.021 | | Hypertension, (%) | 28 (50) | 255 (50) | 244 (47.8) | 259 (50.8) | 185 (54.1) | 0.514 | | RASS-blocker, n (%) | 16 (28.6) | 135 (26.5) | 105 (20.6) | 115 (22.5) | 71 (20.8) | 0.128 | | β-Blocker, (%) | 3 (5.4) | 34 (6.7) | 34 (6.7) | 41 (8) | 21 (6.1) | 0.803 | | CCB, (%) | 13 (23.2) | 128 (25.1) | 114 (22.4) | 137 (26.9) | 97 (28.4) | 0.305 | | Diuretic, (%) | 8 (14.3) | 35 (6.9)a | 25 (4.9) | 23 (4.5) | 17 (5) | 0.022 | | Statins, (%) | 7 (12.5) | 45 (8.8) | 40 (7.8) | 58 (11.4) | 38 (11.1) | 0.255 | | OAD, (%) | 47 (83.9) | 384 (75.3) | 419 (82.2)b | 420 (82.4) b | 280 (81.9) | 0.021 | | Insulin use, (%) | 25 (44.6) | 187 (36.7) | 202 (39.6) | 191 (37.5) | 136 (39.8) | 0.672 | | SBP (mmHg) | | | | | | 0.140 | | DBP (mmHg) | | | | | | 0.275 | | HbAlc (%) | | | | | | 0.443 | | FPG (mmol/L) | | | | | d | 0.045 | | TCH (mmol/L) | | | | | | 0.206 | | TG (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.4 (1–2.1) | 1.4 (1–2.1) | 1.4 (1–2.1) | 0.050 | | HDL-C (mmol/L) | | | | | | 0.270 | | LDL-C (mmol/L) | | | | | | 0.538 | | Serum kalium (mmol/L) | | | | | | 0.420 | | eGFR (mL/(min·1.73m2)) | | a | | | | 0.034 | | Cr (mmol/L) | | a | | | | 0.017 | | UACR (mg/g) | 34.8 (8.5–187) | 12.8 (6.2–63.2)a | 11.7 (6.2–72.6) | 12.7 (6.2–38.5) | 14.5 (7.3–58)d | 0.017 | | Atherosclerosis, (%) | 23 (41.1) | 137 (26.9) | 149 (29.2) | 151 (29.6) | 102 (29.8) | 0.260 | | Left ABI | | | | | | 0.302 | | Right ABI | | | | | | 0.577 | | ICVD % | 10 (3.3–19) | 10 (3–16) | 8 (2–16) | 8 (3–16) | 8 (3–14) | 0.222 | | Toronto Clinical Scoring System Score (TCSS) | 2.5 (0–7) | 1.0 (0–5.5)a | 2.0 (0–6) | 1.0 (0–5.0)c | 2 (0–6)d | 0.025 | | DPN, (%) | 39 (69.6) | 274 (53.7)a | 253 (49.6)a | 224 (43.9)ab | 170 (49.7)a | 0.001 |
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ABI: ankle brachial index; BMI: body mass index; CCB: calcium channel blockers; Cr: serum creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbAlc: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ICVD: 10-year risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OAD: oral antidiabetic agents; TCH: cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Post hoc analysis: acompared with the hyponatremia group, ; bcompared with the low-normal sodium group, ; ccompared with the medium-normal sodium group, ; dcompared with the high-normal sodium group, . |
