Residual β-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes Followed for 2 Years after 3C Study

Table 1

Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of all participants in this study.

Variable	Total cohort	Patients with residual β-cell function	Patients without residual β-cell function	value
Gender (female/male)	101/100	38/36	63/64	0.928
Age (years)	24.77 (15.30, 33.50)	24.29 (12.30, 34.70)	25.10 (15.5, 33.6)	0.870
DKA at diagnosis
DKA	88	26	62	0.158
Ketosis	35	14	21
None	78	34	44
BMI (kg/m^2)				0.766
Duration of T1DM (years)	5.12 (1.30, 6.60)	3.85 (1.00, 5.85)	5.38 (1.8, 6.8)	0.049
Age at diagnosis (years)	18.72 (11.00, 27.50)	22.95 (12.05, 29.55)	16.36 (9.7, 25.3)	0.002
Presence of family history of diabetes	66	25	41	0.836
Hypoglycemia by 100 patient years	50.44	48.36	61.36	0.535
Ketosis (including DKA) by 100 patient years	32.25	30.95	32.70	0.643
HbA1c (%)				<0.001
HbA1c at diagnosis (%)				0.092
Fasting C-peptide (pmol/mL)	0.14 (0.07, 0.25)	0.20 (0.09, 0.33)	0.08 (0.04, 0.13)	<0.001
Stimulated C-peptide (pmol/mL)	0.29 (0.11, 0.48)	0.57 (0.24, 0.78)	0.10 (0.04, 0.17)	<0.001
Positivity of GAD	95	35	60	0.990
Positivity of CA512	49	18	31	0.946
Positivity of ZnT8	25	12	13	0.315
Methods of insulin administration
CSII	10	3	7	0.748
4 injection per day	44	14	30	0.483
<4 injection per day	147	57	90	0.410
Insulin dose (IU/kg.day)	0.74 (0.50, 0.94)	0.77 (0.5, 0.91)	0.73 (0.50, 0.94)	0.95
Positivity of diabetic retinopathy ()	22	5	17	0.071
Positivity of proteinuria ()	12	1	11	0.099
Positivity of microalbuminuria ()	54	14	30	0.685
BUN (umol/l)				0.568
CHOL (mmol/l)				0.246
CREAT (mmol/l)				0.253
HDL (mmol/l)				0.723
LDL (mmol/l)				0.932
TRIG (mmol/l)				0.096

DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis; CSII: continuous subcutaneous insulin injection.