Association of Insulin Regimen and Estimated Body Fat Over Time among Youths and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
Table 1
Characteristics of the SEARCH study participants at the baseline visit.
Data are reported as mean (SD) for continuous variables and (%) for categorical variables.
All ()
Females ()
Males ()
value
Demographics
Age at diabetes diagnosis (years)
12.7 (2.4)
12.4 (2.4)
12.9 (2.5)
0.016
Age at baseline visit (years)
13.6 (2.4)
13.4 (2.4)
13.8 (2.5)
0.023
Race and ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white
457 (77.7)
206 (72.5)
251 (82.6)
<0.001
Black
57 (9.7)
43 (15.1)
14 (4.6)
Hispanic
60 (10.2)
31 (10.9)
29 (9.5)
Other
14 (2.4)
4 (1.4)
10 (3.3)
Health insurance type
Private
475 (81.1)
217 (76.4)
258 (85.4)
0.017
Public
89 (15.2)
55 (19.4)
34 (11.3)
Other/none
22 (3.8)
12 (4.2)
10 (3.3)
Parental education
0.381
Less than high school graduate
20 (3.4)
9 (3.2)
11 (3.6)
High school graduate
81 (13.8)
34 (12.0)
47 (15.5)
Some college through an associate degree
197 (33.6)
104 (36.6)
93 (30.7)
Bachelor’s degree or more
289 (49.2)
137 (48.2)
152 (50.2)
Health behaviors
Smoking status
Nonsmoker
496 (85.1)
240 (85.1)
256 (85.1)
0.902
Former
58 (9.9)
27 (9.6)
31 (10.3)
Current smoker
29 (5.0)
15 (5.3)
14 (4.6)
Healthy eating index ()
62.1 (6.9)
63.1 (7.0)
61.2 (6.6)
0.001
Physical activity
0-2 days
218 (37.4)
115 (40.8)
103 (34.2)
0.102
3-7 days
365 (62.6)
167 (59.2)
198 (65.8)
Time in sedentary behavior
<2 hours per day of screen time
276 (47.5)
148 (52.7)
128 (42.7)
0.016
2+ hours per day of screen time
305 (52.5)
133 (47.3)
172 (57.3)
Clinical characteristics
eBFP (%)
28.8 (6.6)
32.4 (5.4)
25.6 (5.8)
<0.001
BMIz
0.53 (0.9)
0.51 (0.9)
0.54 (1.0)
0.740
BMIz category
Underweight/normal (<85th percentile)
389 (66.2)
188 (66.2)
201 (66.1)
0.523
Overweight (85th-<95th percentile)
131 (22.3)
67 (23.6)
64 (21.1)
Obese (≥95th percentile)
68 (11.6)
29 (10.2)
39 (12.8)
Insulin regimen
0.827
Pump
60 (10.2)
26 (9.2)
34 (11.2)
Long-acting+short/rapid-acting insulin, 3×/day
203 (34.5)
98 (34.5)
105 (34.5)
Long-acting+any other combination, 2×/day
44 (7.5)
24 (8.4)
20 (6.6)
Any combo of insulins excluding long-acting, 3×
77 (13.1)
39 (13.7)
38 (12.5)
Any insulin 1×day or combo excluding 2×
204 (34.7)
97 (34.2)
107 (35.2)
Insulin total daily dose (units/kilogram)
0.71 (0.50)
0.75 (0.62)
0.67 (0.35)
0.044
HbA1c ()
7.65 (1.64)
7.76 (1.58)
7.55 (1.69)
0.135
HbA1c category ()
458 (82.7)
211 (80.8)
247 (84.3)
0.283
96 (17.3)
50 (19.2)
46 (15.7)
eBFP: estimated body fat percentage; BMIz: body mass index -score; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
