Association of Insulin Regimen and Estimated Body Fat Over Time among Youths and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
Table 2
Characteristics according to quartile of change in eBFP (baseline to last follow-up visit) for females.
Data are reported as mean (SD) for continuous variables and (%) for categorical variables
Quartile 1 (<2.6%)
Quartile 2 (2.6% to 5.1%)
Quartile 3 (5.1% to 8.0%)
Quartile 4 (>8.0%)
value
Demographics
Age at diabetes diagnosis (years)
13.5 (2.5)
12.3 (2.5)
12.5 (2.3)
11.4 (1.7)
<0.001
Race and ethnicity1
0.127
NHW
42 (60.9)
58 (79.4)
54 (76.1)
52 (73.2)
Black
15 (21.7)
6 (8.2)
10 (14.1)
12 (16.9)
Hispanic
9 (13.0)
9 (12.3)
6 (8.4)
7 (9.9)
Other
3 (4.4)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
0 (0.0)
Health insurance type1
0.060
Private
46 (66.7)
56 (76.7)
55 (77.5)
60 (84.5)
Public
21 (30.4)
11 (15.1)
13 (18.3)
10 (14.1)
Other/none
2 (2.9)
6 (8.2)
3 (4.2)
1 (1.4)
Parental education1
0.024
Less than high school graduate
3 (4.4)
5 (6.8)
1 (1.4)
0 (0.0)
High school graduate
14 (20.3)
9 (12.3)
9 (12.7)
2 (2.8)
Some college through an associate degree
20 (29.0)
24 (32.9)
30 (42.2)
30 (42.2)
Bachelor’s degree or more
32 (46.4)
35 (48.0)
31 (43.7)
39 (54.9)
Health behaviors
Smoking status1
0.003
Nonsmoker
48 (69.6)
64 (88.9)
61 (87.1)
67 (94.4)
Former
14 (20.3)
4 (5.6)
6 (8.6)
3 (4.2)
Current smoker
7 (10.1)
4 (5.6)
3 (4.3)
1 (1.4)
Healthy eating index ()
62.4 (6.6)
64.6 (7.3)
63.0 (7.4)
62.5 (6.8)
0.221
Physical activity
0.822
0-2 days
30 (43.5)
27 (37.5)
27 (38.6)
31 (43.7)
3-7 days
39 (56.5)
45 (62.5)
43 (61.4)
40 (56.3)
Time in sedentary behavior
0.614
<2 hours per day of screen time
36 (52.2)
39 (54.9)
40 (57.1)
33 (46.5)
2+ hours per day of screen time
33 (47.8)
32 (45.1)
30 (42.9)
38 (53.5)
Clinical characteristics
eBFP (%)
35.6 (5.4)
32.6 (5.1)
32.5 (4.8)
28.9 (4.1)
<0.001
BMIz
0.96 (0.80)
0.58 (0.80)
0.56 (0.91)
-0.04 (0.95)
<0.001
Weight status
<0.001
Underweight/normal
31 (44.9)
49 (67.1)
49 (69.0)
59 (83.1)
Overweight
27 (39.1)
17 (23.3)
13 (18.3)
10 (14.1)
Obese
11 (15.9)
7 (9.6)
9 (12.7)
2 (2.8)
Baseline insulin regimen
0.774
Pump
7 (10.1)
5 (6.8)
6 (8.4)
8 (11.3)
Long-acting+short/rapid-acting insulin, 3×/day
23 (33.3)
24 (32.9)
27 (38.0)
24 (33.8)
Long-acting+any other combination, 2×/day
9 (13.0)
6 (8.2)
3 (4.2)
6 (8.4)
Any combo of insulins excluding long-acting, 3×
12 (17.4)
8 (11.0)
9 (12.7)
10 (14.1)
Any insulin 1×/day or combo excluding 2×
18 (26.1)
30 (41.1)
26 (36.6)
23 (32.4)
Longitudinal insulin regimen
0.012
Pump
12 (17.4)
12 (16.4)
13 (18.3)
26 (36.6)
Injections
31 (44.9)
31 (42.5)
27 (38.0)
12 (16.9)
Pump-to-injections transition
7 (10.1)
8 (11.0)
7 (9.9)
5 (7.0)
Injections-to-pump transition
19 (27.5)
22 (30.1)
24 (33.8)
28 (39.4)
Insulin total daily dose (units/kilogram)
0.75 (0.41)
0.75 (0.34)
0.83 (1.08)
0.66 (0.33)
0.486
Change in insulin daily dose
-0.004 (0.5)
0.08 (0.39)
-0.05 (1.0)
0.18 (0.48)
0.179
HbA1c ()
7.6 (1.7)
7.5 (1.3)
8.0 (1.7)
7.9 (1.6)
0.384
HbA1c category ()
0.445
50 (80.6)
56 (87.5)
54 (78.3)
51 (77.3)
12 (19.4)
8 (12.5)
15 (21.7)
15 (22.7)
1Fisher’s exact test with Monte Carlo standard error estimation. eBFP: estimated body fat percentage; BMIz: body mass index -score; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
