Elevation of Circulating miR-210 Participates in the Occurrence and Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications

Chen, Xi; Tian, Feng; Sun, Zhilian; Zeng, Guoqing; Tang, Ping

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9611509

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Additional Points Ethical Approval Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 9611509 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9611509

Elevation of Circulating miR-210 Participates in the Occurrence and Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications

Xi Chen,¹Feng Tian,²Zhilian Sun,³Guoqing Zeng,¹and Ping Tang¹

Academic Editor: Bernd Stratmann

Received18 Apr 2022

Revised17 Oct 2022

Accepted26 Oct 2022

Published23 Nov 2022

Abstract

Objective. Circulating miRNAs are acclaimed biomarkers to predict the occurrence and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study is aimed at analyzing the correlation of circulating miR-210 level and obesity-associated T2DM and then investigating the underlying mechanism of circulating miR-210 in T2DM. Methods. Totally, 137 serum samples from patients with T2DM were collected; meanwhile, the demographic, general, and clinical hematological characteristics, disease history, and dietary patterns were recorded. The miR-210 level in exosomes from serum was detected by qRT-PCR. Then, the correlations of BMI or miR-210 level with patients’ clinical characteristics were analyzed. Furthermore, the miR-210 level was detected in T2DM related various cells under high glucose condition. Meanwhile, the expression of carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was measured by western blotting. Results. The miR-210 level in exosomes from serum was obviously elevated in the group compared with the group. Higher BMI was correlated with abnormal lipid metabolism and impaired liver function as well as higher miR-210 level. Notably, higher miR-210 level was also correlated with abnormal lipid metabolism, disease history, and dietary patterns. In addition, compared with normal cells, high glucose increased the miR-210 level in exosomes from cell culture supernatants as well as cells in HUVEC, VSMC, RAW 264.7, 3 T3-L1, SMC, and Beta-TC-6 cells, while it reduced the expression of ChREBP and HIF-1α. Conclusions. Circulating miR-210 level was closely correlated with obesity-associated T2DM. Furthermore, higher miR-210 level might be implicated in the occurrence and development of T2DM and its complications.

1. Introduction

As a continuous metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is caused by the deficiency of insulin secretion and function, accounting for larger than 90% of all DM cases [1, 2]. It is characterized by chronic elevated blood glucose as well as the metabolic disorder of carbohydrate and lipoprotein [3]. Due to inappropriate or delayed treatment, T2DM can cause multisystem damage, thereby developing serious complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disorders, which impair the quality of life, shorten life span, and increase mortality [1, 4]. Currently, the basic therapy for T2DM is to lower blood glucose by increasing insulin levels via oral drugs that can elevating insulin secretion as well as direct insulin administration [5, 6]. However, the potential adverse drug reactions and complex complications restrict the effectiveness of current treatments [5, 6]. Therefore, exploring the underlying mechanism of T2DM is an urgent need of the effective treatment of T2DM.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), consisting of approximately 22 nucleotides, are a large type of noncoding small RNA molecules that suppress the expression of target gene through mRNA degradation mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex in the posttranscriptional level [7]. MicroRNAs possess tissue and developmental stage-specific expression and exert vital roles in mediating several cellular processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, thus substantially involved in the pathogenesis of distinct human disorders [8]. Accumulated evidences have demonstrated that miRNAs dysregulation is involved in occurrence of T2DM and progression of devastating complications [9, 10]. Nowadays, a large number of circulating miRNAs are regarded as promising diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for T2DM through regulating glucose metabolism, inflammatory response, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet reactivity [11]. Notably, T2DM has been reported to be involved in the occurrence of sleep breathing disorders and is considered as a risk factor for nocturnal hypoxia [12]. Multiple miRNAs have been proved to participate in the critical process of hypoxic response [13, 14]. Specifically, as a hypoxia-related miRNA, miR-210 exists in a broad range of cells and is well reported in various diseases with hypoxic components [15]. Zhang et al. found that miR-210 levels are associated with inflammatory burden [16], while T2DM is also related with increased levels of inflammatory molecules [17]. Inflammatory cytokines [18] and other inflammation markers, such as C-reactive protein [19], serum uric acid [20], monocyte/lymphocyte ratio [21], and uric acid/HDL cholesterol ratio [22] are associated with diabetic complications in diabetic population. Therefore, whether miR-210 affects T2DM and its complications through inflammation is one of the issues concerned in this study. Moreover, recent studies have focused on the role of miR-210 in T2DM, which reveal that the abnormal expression of miR-210 is implicated in the progression of T2DM with retinopathy and coronary artery disease [23, 24]. However, the mechanism of circulating miR-210 in obesity-associated T2DM is still not fully revealed.

In the present study, we first analyzed the correlation of obesity and miR-210 with clinical characteristics of patients with T2DM. Furthermore, we explored the miR-210 level in T2DM related various cells, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), macrophages, embryonic fibroblasts (preadipocytes), cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle cells (SMC), and pancreatic β cells under high glucose condition, which might be able to explain the roles of miR-210 in obesity-associated T2DM.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Clinical Samples Collection

Totally, one hundred and thirty-seven serum samples from patients who newly were diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without treatments at the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University from January 2020 to June 2021 were included in this study, consisting of 88 males and 49 females aged 22-74 years. Meanwhile, the demographic and general characteristics of T2DM patients, including gender, age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), head circumference, neck circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat, were recorded. In addition, the clinical hematological characteristics were collected, including diagnosis time, fasting blood-glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PBG), fasting insulin (FINS), postprandial insulin (PINS), fasting and postprandial C-peptide, glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc), hemoglobin (HGB), red blood count (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), hematocrit value, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean platelet volume (MPV), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CR), uric acid (UA), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Moreover, investigations of patient’s disease history and dietary patterns were performed. Based on BMI, patients with T2DM were divided into two groups: and . The differences of serum exosomal miR-210 level, the demographic, general, and clinical characteristics between these two groups were compared. Furthermore, according to the median of serum exosomal miR-210 level, patients were divided into the low miR-210 level group and the high miR-210 level group, and the differences of the demographic, general, and clinical hematological characteristics, disease history, and dietary patterns between the two groups were analyzed. For the serum samples and clinical data used in this study, prior patient consent and approval were obtained from the Ethics Committee of the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Hospital.

2.2. Cell Culture and Treatments

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), VSMC, mouse mononuclear macrophages (RAW 264.7), mouse embryonic fibroblasts (preadipocytes, 3 T3-L1), mouse cardiomyocytes (HL-1), mouse SMC, and mouse insulinoma pancreatic β cells (Beta-TC-6) were purchased and recovered in complete DMEM medium (Thermo, China) before use and cultured with 5% carbon dioxide at 37°C. All these cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing exosome-depleted FBS for 24 h, and then stimulated with or without high dose of glucose (30 mM), namely, high glucose group (HG) and normal group for 3 h.

2.3. Exosome Isolation

Exosomes from serum and cell culture supernatants were isolated by ExoQuick solution (System Biosciences, LLC., USA) as described in the manufacturer’s protocol. In brief, serum or cell culture supernatants were incubated with ExoQuick exosome precipitation reagent overnight at 4°C, and then the exosome pellet was obtained by centrifugation at 1,500 g for 30 and 5 minutes, respectively.

2.4. Quantitative RT-PCR

The exosomes and treated cells were harvested to obtain total RNA samples by the TAKARA TRIzol Reagent. Then, complementary DNA samples were prepared from the isolated RNA based on the Bestar™ qPCR RT kit (DBI). The following quantitative PCR was finished using the BestarTM qPCR MasterMix (DBI) on fluorescent quantitative PCR instrument (Mx3000P, Agilent Stratagene). U6 was used as the internal standards for miR-210 quantitation. Sequences of primers were all presented in Table S1.

2.5. Western Blotting Assay

The treated cells were lysed using lysis buffer (Beyotime, China) on ice to extract proteins. Then, protein samples underwent resolving on PAGE gel and transferring to PVDF, followed by blocking the membrane and reacting with carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) or GAPDH primary antibody (1 : 1000, Abcam) at room temperature for 3 h. Second antibody (1 : 3000, Abcam) was then reacted with the membrane, and the expression of these proteins was observed using enhanced chemiluminescence (Millipore, USA).

2.6. Statistical Analysis

Quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 software. Quantitative and qualitative data were expressed as deviation (SD) or percentage, respectively. Skewness-Kurtosis normality analysis was applied to the study variables. The differences between two groups were evaluated by test. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlations of BMI with miR-210 level, the demographic, general, and clinical characteristics as well as the correlations of the miR-210 level with the demographic, general, and clinical characteristics. A value of <0.05 was set as the threshold.

3. Results

3.1. The Correlation of BMI with Clinical Characteristics and the Serum Exosomal miR-210 Level in Patients with T2DM

A total of 137 patients with T2DM included in this study, including () and () groups. The miR-210 level in exosomes from serum was obviously elevated in the group compared with the group (Figure 1). In addition, the demographic and general characteristics were compared between and groups. The results found higher weight, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat in the group than those in the group, while other characteristics, including gender, age, height, head circumference, neck circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, showed no significant differences between the two groups (Table 1). Moreover, patients in the group showed slightly lower RBC as well as higher TC and LDL levels compared with the group, while there were no significant differences in diagnosis time, FBG, PBG, FINS, PINS, fasting and postprandial C-peptide, HbAlc, HGB, WBC, hematocrit value, MCV, MCH, MPV, ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, ALB, BUN, CR, UA, TG, and HDL between the two groups (Table 2). Pearson correlation analysis also revealed that higher BMI was correlated with higher weight, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, AST level, ALB level, TG level, TC level, and LDL level (, Tables 1 and 2).

3.2. The Correlation of Clinical Characteristics and the miR-210 Level in Patients with T2DM

We compared the T2DM patients’ characteristics between the low and high miR-210 level groups (Table 3). The results revealed that patients in the high miR-210 level group showed higher weight, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, BMI, TG, TC, and LDL levels than those in the low miR-210 level group (Table 3). Pearson correlation analysis also revealed that higher miR-210 level was correlated with higher weight, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, BMI, TG level, TC level, and LDL level (, Table 3). We then analyzed the correlation of disease history and dietary patterns with the miR-210 level, and we found that the higher percentages of overeating within 3 months, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia as well as the lower percentages of diabetic pedipathy, coronary heart disease of immediate family, cerebral stroke of immediate family, hypertension of immediate family, and average intakes of fresh vegetable and soy products were correlated with the higher miR-210 level (Tables 4 and 5).

3.3. The miR-210 Level in High Glucose-Induced Various Cells

We further detected the miR-210 level in various cells after high glucose exposure. The results found that compared with normal cells, exosomes from cell culture supernatants expressed obviously higher miR-210 level in high glucose-induced HUVEC, VSMC, RAW 264.7, 3 T3-L1, SMC, and Beta-TC-6 cells (Figure 2(a)). Similarly, the miR-210 level in high glucose-induced HUVEC, VSMC, RAW 264.7, 3 T3-L1, HL-1, SMC, and Beta-TC-6 cell was remarkably elevated compared to normal cells (Figure 2(b)). Furthermore, we found that the expression of ChREBP and HIF-1α which might be transcriptional regulator of miR-210 was decreased in the high glucose-induced various cells in comparison to normal cells (Figure 2(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2

The exosomal miR-210 levels from cell culture supernatants and various cells after high glucose exposure. (a) The exosomal miR-210 level from cell culture supernatants of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), mouse mononuclear macrophages (RAW 264.7), mouse embryonic fibroblasts (3 T3-L1), mouse cardiomyocytes (HL-1), mouse skeletal muscle cells (SMC), and mouse insulinoma pancreatic β cells (Beta-TC-6) after high glucose exposure by qRT-PCR. (b) The miR-210 level of various cells after high glucose exposure by qRT-PCR. (c) The protein levels of carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in various cells after high glucose exposure by western blotting. , vs. normal group (NG).

4. Discussion

Increasing evidences have demonstrated that circulating miRNAs are acclaimed biomarkers due to high stability and noninvasive property to predict the occurrence and progression of various diseases, including cancers, metabolic diseases, and inflammatory diseases [25]. miR-210 is known as hypoxia-inducible miRNA to participate in hypoxic response in a variety of diseases [26]. Previous study has proved the overexpression of miR-210 in patients with T2DM [27]. This study aimed to further investigate the influences of miR-210 on T2DM related various cells, thereby evaluating its clinical diagnostic and therapeutic value in T2DM.

Obesity is thought to be a trigger factor for T2DM [28, 29]. It has been indicated that excessive obesity in childhood and adolescence is considered a risk factor for developing T2DM in young adults and young adults [28]. BMI is a common indicator to measure obesity and health, and is considered as overweight. Thus, in this study, patients with T2DM were divided into two groups according BMI. We found that T2DM patients with showed higher weight, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat compared with patients with . In addition, we compared the clinical hematological characteristics between the two groups, and the results revealed that T2DM patients with higher BMI showed slightly lower RBC as well as higher TC and LDL levels. Moreover, we found that higher BMI was correlated with higher weight, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and the increased levels AST, ALB, TG, TC, and LDL. It is well known that AST and ALB are key indicators for liver function, and fat consisting of TC, TG, and LDL is used to evaluate the lipid metabolism. Obesity induces abnormal lipid metabolism, and a large number of lipid components into the liver further lead to impaired liver function [30, 31], which well explains our clinical results.

miRNAs have been widely reported to exist in exosomes and are involved in various cellular biological processes by regulating the functions of neighboring or distant cells [32]. A previous study has identified several miRNAs in exosomes from adipose tissue macrophages that medicate glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in vivo and in vitro [33]. Notably, miR-210 is reported to be upregulated in exosomes from adipose tissue macrophages [33]. Thus, in this study, we detected the miR-210 level of exosomes from serum in patients with T2DM, and the results found that miR-210 level was significantly higher in the group compared with the group. In addition, we found that higher miR-210 level was correlated with higher weight, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat as well as increased BMI, TG, TC, and LDL levels, which suggested that miR-210 overexpression was closely associated with obesity in patients with T2DM. We then analyzed the correlation of disease history and dietary patterns with the miR-210 level and found that the higher miR-210 level was related to the increased percentages of overeating within 3 months, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia as well as the reduced percentages of diabetic pedipathy, coronary heart disease of immediate family, cerebral stroke of immediate family, hypertension of immediate family, and average intakes of fresh vegetable and soy products. All these results indicated the correlation of obesity-associated T2DM with high miR-210 level. To further investigate the mechanism of miR-210 in obesity-associated T2DM, T2DM related various cells, including HUVEC, VSMC, RAW 264.7, 3 T3-L1, SMC, and Beta-TC-6 cells, were exposed to high glucose condition. All these cells are implicated in the occurrence and development of T2DM and its complications. Accumulated evidence has shown that endothelial cell dysfunction such as cell apoptosis induced by inflammatory response oxidative stress is predisposing factor of diabetic vascular lesions [34, 35]. Meanwhile, excessive proliferation of VSMC also contributes to the occurrence of cardiovascular complications of T2DM through inducing the thickening of the artery walls and formation of atherosclerotic plaques [36]. It has also been reported that T2DM can induce macrophages to produce inflammatory factors, which results in accelerated inflammatory response [37]. In addition to cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory reaction, T2DM is also reported to develop skeletal myopathy [38]. More importantly, the reduction and dysfunction of pancreatic β cells is the underlying causes of T2DM [39]. Our results showed that miR-210 was highly expressed in high glucose-induced HUVEC, VSMC, RAW 264.7, 3 T3-L1, SMC, and Beta-TC-6 cells both in exosomes from cell culture supernatants and cells, which suggested that miR-210 overexpression is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of T2DM and its complications by regulating distinct type of cells. These results are consistent with previous studies that report the overexpression of miR-210 in diabetes complicated with impaired wound healing, cardiac angiogenesis, and retinopathy [23, 40, 41]. Moreover, HIF-1α has been proved to be a target gene of miR-210 [42], and HIF-1α is one of miR-210’s transcriptional regulators [43]. During T2DM, HIF-1 signaling has been reported to participate in β cell dysfunction, thereby resulting in the occurrence of diabetic complications through regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis [44]. In addition, ChREBP is a critical regulatory factor for glycolysis and fat formation and is involved in the deregulation of HIF-1 signaling under high glucose condition [45]. Consistently, this study revealed that high glucose inhibited the expression of HIF-1α and ChREBP. Therefore, we speculated that the abnormal expression of miR-210 during the occurrence and progression of T2DM and its complications might be regulated by HIF-1 signaling. However, it is widely known that the level of noncoding RNA in serum is dynamically changed. Because the blood samples of patients at different time periods of the day were not collected, it is difficult to observe the dynamic change of miR-210 level in this study. Meanwhile, the lack of cell experiments to verify the role and mechanism of miR-210 in T2DM and its complications is also one of the limitations of this study.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, data form our study revealed that circulating high miR-210 level was closely correlated with obesity-associated T2DM. Furthermore, circulating miR-210 might be implicated in the occurrence and development of T2DM and its complications, and the expression of miR-210 might be regulated by HIF-1α and ChREBP.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Additional Points

Highlights. (i) Higher BMI was correlated with higher miR-210 level in patients with T2DM. (ii) Higher miR-210 level was correlated with abnormal lipid metabolism, disease history, and dietary patterns. (ii) High glucose increased the miR-210 level in T2DM related various cells

Ethical Approval

The study was approved by Ethics Committee of the 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Hospital. All patients were informed about the purpose of the study, and informed consent was obtained from each participant.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

CX and TF designed the study. CX, TF, SZL, ZGQ, and TP contributed to the acquisition of data. CX, TF, and SZL analysed and interpreted the data. All authors participated in drafting the article and revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors gave approval for publication of the final version. Xi Chen and Feng Tian contributed equally to this work and should be regarded as co-first authors.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund (No. SZXK062).

Supplementary Materials

Table S1: specific primers for qPCR assay. (Supplementary Materials)

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Copyright © 2022 Xi Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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