<i>Objective</i>. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the interimplant distance on the implant primary stability (ISQ) by Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA). <i>Method</i>. Forty-five implants were placed in the mandible of human cadavers and 108 in artificial bone substrates in the form of polyurethane foam blocks. Primary implant stability was successively measured first by RFA immediately after the placement of the first implant (A) and then after two other implants (B and C) proximal and distal to the first implant. The interimplant distances were defined from 1 to 6&#x2009;mm and the three primary stability values measured were compared. <i>Results</i>. On the mandibles, no correlation was observed between the interimplant distances and primary stability. On the polyurethane foam block, the primary stability of implant A increased significantly (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M1" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g></svg>) after the placement of implant B but remained constant after placement of implant C. <i>Conclusion</i>. Reducing the interimplant distance does not affect the primary stability on dry bone or artificial substrate.

Samuel Jeu

Etienne Guillaud

Laurent Hauret

Jean-Christophe Coutant

Bruno Ella

Assessment of the Correlation between the Implant Distance and Primary Stability by Resonance Frequency Analysis

<i>Objective</i>. There is a change in the trends and distribution of dental caries in established and nonestablished market economies. The aim of this study was to describe caries distribution, prevalence, and treatment needs among school children in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. <i>Materials and Methods</i>.  The study was a cross-sectional survey of students between the ages of 12 and 15 years. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and clinical oral examination. Analysis of data was done using statistical package for social science version 20.0. Association between variables was tested using chi-square, independent <i> t</i>-test, and one-way analysis of variance. <i>Results</i>. The study population consisted of 195 school children of mean age <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" id="M1" height="9.06134pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 66.0319 9.06134" width="66.0319pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,6.503,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,13.006,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,16.096,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.599,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,32.13,0)"><path id="g117-37" d="M535 290V340H323V533H265V340H52V290H265V84H323V290H535ZM535 -22V28H52V-22H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,43.111,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,49.614,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.703,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,59.206,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g></svg> years. The prevalence of dental caries was 15.4&#x25; (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2130003pt" id="M2" height="8.91176pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 35.534 8.91176" width="35.534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-111" d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,10.586,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.324,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.828,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g></svg>). The mean DMFT score for the entire group was <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" id="M3" height="9.06134pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 59.5044 9.06134" width="59.5044pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,6.503,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,9.592,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,16.095,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,25.627,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,36.607,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,43.111,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,46.2,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.703,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g></svg>. Dental caries occurred more significantly (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.6617603pt" id="M4" height="9.65971pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 53.2534 9.65971" width="53.2534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-81" d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,30.39,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,46.486,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg>) on the mandible (66.7&#x25;) than on the maxilla (33.3&#x25;) and was significantly (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.6617603pt" id="M5" height="9.65971pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 53.2534 9.65971" width="53.2534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,30.39,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,46.486,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg>) more prevalent on the first molars (66.7&#x25;) than on the second molars (26.6&#x25;). <i>Conclusion</i>. The number of untreated dental caries was high and the restorative index was low among the students. The overall caries prevalence and mean DMFT were low even when compared to other studies in similar populations in Nigeria.

Omoigberai Bashiru Braimoh

Ayamma Udo Umanah

Nzube Anthony Ilochonwu

Caries Distribution, Prevalence, and Treatment Needs among 12&#x2013;15-Year-Old Secondary School Students in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Gelam honey has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in animal model. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Gelam honey (<i>Melaleuca cajuputi</i>) on alveolar bone level in experimental periodontitis. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study and randomly divided into four groups: ligated saline (LS), ligated honey (LH), nonligated saline (NLS), and nonligated honey (NLH). Fifteen days after supplementation with Gelam honey (3&#x2009;g/kg), the rats were sacrificed and alveolar bone level was determined by radiography and histomorphometry. The number of osteoclasts was also calculated for all groups. Both radiographic and histomorphometric analyses showed that alveolar bone resorption was severely induced around the ligated molar in the LS and LH groups. There was no significant difference in alveolar bone level between the LS and LH groups. However, there was a nonsignificant reduction of osteoclast number by 15.2&#x25; in LH group compared to LS group. In the NLH group, there was less alveolar bone resorption and the number of osteoclasts was reduced by 13.2&#x25; compared to NLS group. In conclusion, systemically supplemented Gelam honey was shown to have the potential of reducing osteoclast activity in the experimental periodontitis rats, even though the effect on alveolar bone level was not well demonstrated and it warrants further research.

N. Hamzah

S. A. Aziz

A. R. Fauzi

Y. A. Mohd Yusof

M. Razali

N. Ibrahim

B. Baharin

Effects of Gelam Honey (<i>Melaleuca cajuputi</i>) on Alveolar Bone Loss in Experimental Periodontitis

<i>Objective</i>. To retrospectively analyze the pattern of presentation and modalities of management of maxillofacial fractures in our center. <i>Methods</i>. The medical records of all the patients who sustained maxillofacial fractures presenting to a major referral hospital in Niger Delta region of Nigeria were retrieved and reviewed. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS statistical package. <i>Results</i>. Eighty-six patients presented with 135 maxillofacial fractures during the period under review. A male to female ration of 3&#x2009;:&#x2009;1 was recorded and patients in their third decade of life were mostly affected (46.5&#x25;). Road traffic accident (RTA) was the commonest etiology accounting for 46.5&#x25; whereas assault was second (19.8&#x25;). The mandible was the most frequently fractured bone (59.3&#x25;) followed by the zygoma (18.5&#x25;). The main stay of treatment was closed reduction with IMF (40.4&#x25;). <i>Conclusion</i>. Treatment modalities for maxillofacial fractures in our center have not witnessed any significant changes. Effort should be made to ensure the availability of miniplates to ensure adequate treatment for all categories of our patients.

S. E. Udeabor

B. O. Akinbami

K. S. Yarhere

A. E. Obiechina

Maxillofacial Fractures: Etiology, Pattern of Presentation, and Treatment in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Impression and master cast accuracy have been identified as being the major determinants of superstructure fit in implant-supported restorations. The goal of this in vitro investigation was to determine the effects of different transfer components, impression materials, disinfection, storage time, and stone type on master cast accuracy. Following impression making from a reference model with two internal-hex bone-level implants and master cast fabrication (eight experimental groups; <i>n</i> = 5), a bar-type measurement device equipped with a strain gauge was fixed on all master casts while strain development was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed applying ANOVA and paired <i>t</i>-tests with the level of significance set at <i>&#x3b1;</i> = 0.05. The transfer components with plastic sleeves caused maximum misfit strain which was significantly greater as compared to click (<i>P</i> = 0.02) and open tray transfer components (<i>P</i> = 0.00). No significant effect on master cast accuracy was recorded for the parameters impression material, impression disinfection, and storage of impressions or casts. Lower strain development was observed in casts poured in type 3 stone as compared to casts poured in type 4 stone (<i>P</i> = 0.01). For the bone-level implant system considered here, the great
 levels of accuracy could be achieved using pick-up impressions with either click or open tray impression components.

Matthias Karl

Victor Palarie

Variables Affecting the Accuracy of Implant Master Casts: An In Vitro Pilot Study

<i>Purpose</i>. This retrospective cohort study evaluated factors for peri-implant bone level changes (&#x394;IBL) associated with an implant type with inner-cone implant-abutment connection, rough neck surface, and platform switching (AT). <i  >Materials and Methods</i>. All AT placed at the Department of Prosthodontics of the University of Bern between January 2004 and December 2005 were included in this study. All implants were examined by single radiographs using the parallel technique taken at surgery (<i  >T</i><sub>0</sub>) and obtained at least 6 months after surgery (<i>T</i><sub>1</sub>). Possible influencing factors were analysed first using <i>t</i>-test (normal distribution) or the nonparametric Wilcoxon test (not normal distribution), and then a mixed model <i  >q</i> variance analysis was performed. <i  >Results</i>. 43 patients were treated with 109 implants. Five implants in 2 patients failed (survival rate: 95.4&#x25;). Mean &#x394;IBL in group 1 (<i  >T</i><sub>1</sub>: 6&#x2013;12 months after surgery) was <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:84.349998px;" id="M1" height="11.4" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 84.349998 11.4" width="84.349998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.963)"><path id="x2212" d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.041,10.963)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,18.2,10.963)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.076,10.963)"><path id="x36" d="M137 343l67 33q37 17 63 17q79 0 129.5 -53t50.5 -131q0 -92 -58 -156.5t-147 -64.5t-147 68t-58 182q0 63 17 119t43 95.5t61.5 72t69 52t67.5 31.5q62 22 128 33l6 -32q-56 -11 -108 -35q-149 -71 -184 -231zM227 337q-47 0 -95 -27q-6 -23 -6 -70q0 -93 36 -155.5&#xA;t96 -62.5q53 0 78 45.5t25 105.5q0 68 -35 116t-99 48z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.235,10.963)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.168,10.963)"><path id="xB1" d="M535 290h-212v-206h-58v206h-213v50h213v193h58v-193h212v-50zM535 -22h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,55.92,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,64.08,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,67.956,10.963)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,76.115,10.963)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;mm and <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:84.349998px;" id="M2" height="11.4" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 84.349998 11.4" width="84.349998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x2212"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.041,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,18.2,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.076,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x36"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.235,10.963)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5&#xA;q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.168,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#xB1"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,55.92,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,64.08,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,67.956,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,76.115,10.963)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;mm in group 2 (<i>T</i><sub>1</sub>: &#x3e;12 months after surgery) (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:66.875px;" id="M3" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 66.875 11.375" width="66.875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5&#xA;t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.64,11.112)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>). Greater implant insertion depth in diameter 3.5 mm implants might be associated with increased &#x394;IBL (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M4" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><path id="x3C" d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

		
	
</svg>). In the anterior region, the bone alteration was more pronounced (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M5" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3C"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g>

		
	
</svg>). <i>Conclusions</i>. &#x394;IBL values indicated that the implant system used in this study fulfilled implant success criteria.

Renzo Bassetti

Simone Reischel

S&#xfc;kran &#xd6;zt&#xfc;rk

Mario Bassetti

Regina Mericske-Stern

Norbert Enkling

Factors Associated with Bone Level Alterations at Implants with Inner-Cone Connection and Platform Switching

<i>Background</i>. The aim of the present paper was to study the expression and overexpression of EGFR in oral leukoplakia and cancer and at the same time assess the expression of EGFR in various histological grades of oral leukoplakia and OSCC in the Indian subcontinent. <i>Methods</i>. The study was conducted with routine H&#x26;E and IHC staining on 40 archival tissues. <i>Results</i>. Positive EGFR staining was present in all the cases 100&#x25; (30/30) out of which 7 (46.7&#x25;) cases of OSCC showed &#x3E;75&#x25; EGFR expression and 8 (53.3&#x25;) cases of oral leukoplakia showed 25&#x25; EGFR expression. A statistically significant correlation was found in OSCC, OL and controls. <i>Conclusions</i>. EGFR may represent a promising target for novel molecular cancer therapies. EGFR expression levels in the premalignant lesion appear to be a sensitive factor in predicting the neoplastic potential of dysplastic tissues. This suggests that EGFR may serve as a biological marker to identify high-risk subgroups and guide prophylactic therapy.

Ashish Mahendra

Balasundari Shreedhar

Mala Kamboj

Arun Singh

Abhishek Singh

Ashutosh Agrawal

Sachin Kumar

Arpita Kabiraj

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Protein: A Biological Marker for Oral Precancer and Cancer

<i>Objectives</i>. To review composition, actions, and clinical applications of <i>Aloe vera</i> plant in dentistry and to establish its effectiveness as an invaluable adjunct in the treatment of dental diseases. <i>Method</i>. A manual and electronic literature (MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar) search was performed up to July 2013 for in vitro and in vivo studies and research presenting clinical, microbiological, immunological, and patient-centered data to validate the efficacy of <i>Aloe vera</i> gel in dentistry. A total of 38 titles, abstracts, and full-text studies were selected and reviewed. <i>Aloe vera</i> has various medicinal properties like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor which accelerates wound healing and helps in treating various lesions in oral cavity. Benefits associated with <i>Aloe vera</i> have been attributed to the polysaccharides contained in the gel of the leaves. <i>Conclusion</i>. The pharmacological attributes of <i>Aloe vera</i> have been revalidated in modern sciences through various in vivo and in vitro studies. The herb has immense potential as a dental therapeutic. Even though <i>Aloe vera</i> is a promising herb with various clinical applications in medicine and dentistry, more clinical research needs to be undertaken especially to validate and explain the action of acemannan hydrogel in accelerating the healing of aphthous ulcers and to validate the efficacy of <i>Aloe</i> gel on plaque and gingivitis, so that it can be established in the field of dentistry.

Arbaz Sajjad

Samia Subhani Sajjad

<i>Aloe vera</i>: An Ancient Herb for Modern Dentistry&#x2014;A Literature Review

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Journal of Dental Surgery