Membrane Fouling and Chemical Cleaning in Three Full-Scale Reverse Osmosis Plants Producing Demineralized Water

Figure 4

Membrane integrity as indicated by % salt rejection (= 100 – salt passage) for (a) plant location I, (b) plant location II, and (c) plant location III. Vertical lines indicate CIP. Time points of membrane autopsies are indicated with dark grey arrows.

(a)

(b)

(c)