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| S/N | Characteristics | Education 1.0 | Education 2.0 | Education 3.0 | Education 4.0 |
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| 1 | Students’ behaviour | Largely passive | Passive to active | Active, enthusiastic, string and confidence | Independent, active, innovative, and self-directed learning style |
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| 2 | Primary roles for teacher/professor | Authoritarian and source of knowledge | Guide and source of knowledge | Facilitator of collaborative knowledge creation | Monitor and observer of learning |
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| 3 | Teacher/professor source of content | Traditional books and copyright handouts | Copyright and free educational materials for students | E-books and educational websites | Technology-based dynamic and 3D materials |
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| 4 | Institutional arrangement | Campus-based with fixed boundary institution involving traditional paragraphs, test assignments, and, sometimes, group classroom | Increasing collaboration between universities but one-to-one between students and universities | Open, collaborative, and creative activities with loose international affiliations and relation | Creative, skillful innovative, and dynamic activities are performed; universities are boundaryless |
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| 5 | Methods | Dictation and direct transfer of information
Guru-shishya method of teaching | Progressivism and openness to internet | Knowledge production and co-constructivism | Innovation production and classroom replacement |
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| 6 | Technology | E-learning through electronic management within an institution | E-learning and collaboration involving other universities | E-learning driven from the point of view of personal independent learning environments, use of computers and internet | E-learning is totally based on new innovative technology tools, high-speed internet, mobile technology, social media platforms, virtual reality, etc. |
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| 7 | Location of the institution | Specific building; mortar and brick | Specific building plus online; brick and click | Everywhere in a creative society | Globally networked human body; anytime, anywhere, any device, and any platform |
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