A Distributed AGC Method considering Two-Channel Random Delays and Their Difference between Interconnected Power Systems

Zhao, Xilin; Lin, Zhenyu; Fu, Bo; Yang, Yang; Ma, Jimin

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4261304

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Analysis Numerical Example Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 4261304 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4261304

A Distributed AGC Method considering Two-Channel Random Delays and Their Difference between Interconnected Power Systems

Xilin Zhao,¹Zhenyu Lin,¹Bo Fu,¹Yang Yang,²and Jimin Ma¹

Academic Editor: Renato Procopio

Received26 Nov 2018

Revised26 Feb 2019

Accepted11 Mar 2019

Published11 Apr 2019

Abstract

With the emergence of the concept of smart grid, the networked automatic generation control (AGC) method has been more and more important for secondary frequency control due to its characteristics such as openness and flexibility. However, the networked AGC system also presents some defects such as time delays and packet dropouts. The existence of time delays makes the traditional AGC strategies more challenging. A novel AGC method is proposed in this paper to mitigate the negative effects of time delays. Firstly, a multiarea power system model is built under the consideration of two-channel time delays: from controller to actuator and from sensor to controller. More practically, the difference of delays between areas is also exhibited in the model. Thus, from the predictive characteristics of model predictive control (MPC), a method of selection with optimization is presented to obtain the appropriate control variable when delays exist. Furthermore, three cases, (a) no processing for delay, (b) control sequence selection, (c) control sequence selection with optimization, are analyzed. The frequency and area control error (ACE) performance are evaluated with step load perturbation and random load perturbation. The simulation results indicate that the system controlled by the proposed method has desired dynamic performances. Consequently, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified.

1. Introduction

Automatic generation control (AGC) is an important research field in power system operation and control to supply reliable electric power with good quality. As a fundamental characteristic of electric power operations, frequency of the system deviates from its nominal value due to load and resource variation. The main role of the AGC is to resist the frequency deviations of the power system to maintain the system frequency close to its scheduled value [1–5].

Traditionally, a large power grid is usually composed of interconnected subpower systems to improve the system’s reliability. In this case, each subpower system has its own AGC scheme in an energy management system. These schemes are responsible for maintaining a nominal frequency and stabilizing fluctuant tie-line flows to scheduled value. Therefore, a control strategy is required in each interconnected power system in order to not only maintain constancy of frequency but also achieve zero steady state error of desired tie-line flows and to minimize ACEs.

In the previous studies, proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is the most popular method applied to AGC. Conventional PID controller is designed with fixed structure and constant parameters. Due to the nonlinear characteristic of power system, conventional PID controllers may not have the desired control performance. Therefore, in order to improve system performance when considering parameter uncertainty and load disturbances, some techniques, such as fuzzy theory or optimization, were brought up to combine with conventional PID controller. Khooban et al. [6] and Sahu et al. [7] discussed different optimization methods to optimize the parameters of the PID controller to pursue better control performance. Xu et al. [8] proposed a dynamic gain-tuning control (DGTC) method for AGC with effects of wind resources. With the control method, the PI control parameters can be automatically and dynamically calculated according to different disturbances in a power system. Gheisarnejad and Khooban [9] presented a fuzzy PID controller for LFC in multi-microgrids with real-time simulation. The recommended controller had high sensitivity to load perturbation. Pan and Das [10] studied fractional order PID controller for distributed AGC to solve the problem caused by the uncertainty of the distributed energy system. Arya and Kumar [11] and Khooban et al. [12] combined fractional order PID controller with fuzzy theory to enhance the robustness of the proposed controller. However, the combinations of different theories will complex the implementation of AGC, especially to large systems. Thus, many other control strategies have been proposed for AGC to improve the practicality such as sliding mode control [13], self-adaptive control [14, 15], robust control [16], and optimal control [17, 18].

Model predictive control (MPC), which performs an optimization procedure to calculate optimal control actions at each sampling interval, is an advanced technology nowadays. MPC has enormous potential for optimal control of the complex system with constraints and has been widely adopted in many industry processes [19–21]. On the one hand, MPC provides satisfactory control performance under dynamic constraints like load reference ramp constraints; on the other hand, it is propitious to the systematic design for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. Therefore, in the research field of AGC, MPC is also an effective alternative method. Ersdal et al. [22] investigated model predictive load-frequency control method with a Kalman filter for state estimation. The research indicated that the MPC controller gives better frequency response while using cheaper resources compared with a PI controller. Jiang et al. [23] proposed model predictive control method in frequency control for an isolated wind-aluminium power system. In order to validate the performances of the previous controller, Jiang et al. [24] made further efforts to introduce explicit MPC for the isolated industrial system. Jang et al. [25] presented an MPC-based approach considering the topology of power grid for AGC so as to improve the dynamic performance of AGC. Taking into account the size of the grid and regional characteristics, Mohamed et al. [26] studied a decentralized model-predictive-based load frequency control method in an interconnected power system. Liu et al. [27] proposed a distributed MPC for a four-area hydrothermal interconnected power system.

Although there are so many approaches that are able to carry out effective automatic generation control, to the best of our knowledge, time delays between different regions are not considered in the vast majority of current research studies. Zhang and Domínguez-García [28] and Pathak et al. [29] discussed the influence of time delay to AGC performance, respectively. Some other scholars think of the time delays as a system constraint in AGC process [11, 30–32]. But the analyses of delays’ characteristics and the discussion of delays’ processing method are not sufficient in these research studies. For example, two-channel random delays, which are controller-to-actuator (C-A) and sensor-to-controller (S-C) time delays, are not considered. In addition, the differences of time delays between regions of the distributed power systems were not discussed either. Actually, the existence of two-channel delays and differences of time delays between regions are more practical. In our opinion, with the introduction of the smart grid concept, the networked AGC method will gradually be more and more important for secondary frequency control because of its openness, flexibility, and other characteristics. Therefore, it is of great significance to discuss the AGC method with consideration of time delays. Considering the predictive characteristic of MPC and its application in AGC, this paper focuses on the implementation method about how to deal with the influence of two-channel random delays and differences of time delays for AGC based on MPC.

This paper is organized as follows. After introducing the background of the research, the model configurations of multiarea interconnected AGC system and characteristics of MPC are analyzed in Section 2. The analysis is the basis of subsequent description. In Section 3, discretization and influence analysis of time delays are discussed; after that, the principle of control sequence selection with optimization based on DMPC is described. And before providing the conclusions in Section 5, a numerical example is provided in Section 4, which illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

2. AGC System Model with Time Delays

2.1. System Model Building

Generally, a modern power system is a large-scale, geographically dispersed, and complexly interconnected system with distributed generators. A large power system is usually divided into several subsystems which represent interconnected regional power grid for efficient operation and control. The subsystems are connected by the tie-lines. Without loss of generality, a multiarea interconnected power system as shown in Figure 1 is an example for design and analysis purposes. The thermal areas are equipped with single reheat turbine, GRC of 3% per minute and GDB of 0.05%.

The model of AGC system is built according to the composition and equivalence principle of circuit theory. Two-channel delays are represented by τ_i, τ_ij, where τ_i represents controller-to-actuator (C-A) delay, τ_ij represent sensor-to-controller (S-C) delays among different areas. The difference of S-C delays indicates that the time delays between different regions are not the same. All the physical meaning and units of variables in this paper are shown in Table 1.

When describing ith regional power grid with subscript i , the state-space equations of each region is given bywhere are the system state variables, control variables, disturbance variables, and output variables of the ith region, respectively, with appropriate dimensions. are the system state variables, control variables, disturbance variables, and output variables of the jth region adjacent to the ith region. A_ii, B_ii, F_ii, C_ii, A_ij, B_ij, F_ij, respectively, are the parameter matrices with appropriate dimensions. In which,

Traditional centralized controllers are becoming less reliable and more difficult to deal with the distributed control system considering time delays. The distributed MPC is thus designed based on the system model to maintain the system frequency at the scheduled value.

2.2. Background of Model Predictive Controller

The MPC scheme is based on the system model to obtain the control actions by minimizing an objective function. Considering the following discrete-time system,subject towhere x ∈ Rⁿ, u ∈ R^m and y ∈ R^s are the state, input, and output variables, respectively.

The control objective of the controller is to minimize the following cost function:where R_s is the expected output of the system and Y is output sequence in prediction horizon.

At each sampling instant, the optimization problem is solved to obtain the optimal control sequence thatwhere is the control horizon and k is the sampling time instant. According to the characteristics of predictive control, only the first value of the control sequence is used during the control process.

Corresponding to the optimal control sequence, the prediction sequence of state variables and output can be obtained aswhere is the prediction horizon.

3. Analysis and Processing of Two-Channel Time Delays

3.1. Discretization of Time Delays

Normally, time delay is a random signal, so the priority when time delays exist and are taken under consideration during the control process is discretization. Obviously, time delays have an impact on the control effect only when it is greater than the sampling period. Therefore, according to the value of the delay, the time delay will be discretized into multiple sampling periods. Then, the random delay signal will be modeled as a random Markov jump process [33]. The discretizing process of a delay signal is shown in Figure 2.

3.2. Influence Analysis of Time Delays

The control process is different to the conventional control state when time delays exist. Focusing on the cases under no delay, single channel delay, and two channel delays, the existing time delays have four states, which are no delay, delay from controller to actuator τ_ca, delay from sensor to controller τ_sc, and delays τ_ca and τ_sc existing simultaneously. The differences of time delays between areas are reflected by means of different random delay signals given in the simulation process. Supposing the load change of the area is 0.04 pu step perturbation, the output response can be obtained as in Figure 3.

(a)

(b)

(c)

The output responses from these figures indicate that the control performance of AGC system will deteriorate when considering the channel delays. With channel delays, the output will be oscillating and even not be able to be stable, especially when two-channel delays exist. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired control performance, the influence of the channel delay cannot be ignored.

3.3. The Obtainment of Control Variable considering the Difference of Delays

To mitigate the negative influence of time delays, a buffer could be used to store the latest data. These data have the most recent time stamp in order to get the absent control variable caused by the delay. The absent control variable is reacquired through the calculation depending on the latest data based on MPC.

Once there is a time delay during the information transmission, the controller will not receive the original feedback signal in time and thus cannot generate an appropriate control signal. In this case, the control signal can be reacquired according to the predictive characteristic of MPC. As shown in Figure 4, the control sequence is composed of the executed control signal of current sampling instant and predictive control signals of subsequent sampling instants. Accordingly, the predictive control signals of subsequent sampling instants can be selected as the executed control signal, corresponding to the sampling instant of which information is delayed during communication process. The definite control signal is selected according to the value of two-channel time delays. The value of the system delay is the value sum of S-C and C-A delays. For example, when S-C and C-A delay is 2 and 1 respectively, the value to be processed of the system delay is 3.

The selection process of control signal is shown in Figure 5. The subscript of predictive control sequence indicates the sampling instant; the superscript of the predictive control sequence indicates the ordinal number of predictive variables. Originally, the superscript of the first variable in the sequence is same as the corresponding sampling instant. And the variable is used as the executed control signal in conventional MPC process. When time delay exists, the relevant control sequence cannot be acquired. Then, the executed control variable can be selected from the predictive control sequence calculated by the latest received data. The reacquired control variable and the one that should be the control signal but lost because of the time delay should have the same superscript.

Generally, a reasonable predictive control signal can be obtained to replace the absent control signal. However, considering some certain control modes such as smooth control, it is possible that the control effect will be better when the control sequence is recalculated according to the received latest information for the control variables having little change during the control process. Therefore, an optimal strategy is presented to guarantee the best control performance. The optimal algorithm is described in Figure 6.

4. Numerical Example

In this paper, the studied system is simulated based on Matlab/Simulink. The proposed method is tested on the IEEE 39-bus system with 3 areas and 10 machines, as shown in Figure 7.

The studied system is simulated based on Matlab/Simulink to discuss the effectiveness of the proposed method. A three-area AGC system considering two-channel random delay is constructed. The controller is realized by means of MPC toolbox, the prediction horizon N_P is set to 10, control horizon N_c is set to 4, and simulation sampling period is set to 0.01 s. Detailed parameters are shown in Table 2.

Considering two-channel delays, three methods are applied to compare the control performance: (a) according to the received latest data, calculate the control sequence by taking the first value as the output of the current control variable. This means no processing for delay during the control process. (b) According to the judgment of the current system delay, the corresponding value of the latest acquired control sequence is selected as the executed control variable. (c) In the second condition, the objective function of the corresponding value and the first element in the control sequence recalculated by the received latest date are compared, and the superior objective function of the control variables is selected as the output.

Compare the system dynamics of the following three cases assuming the step load perturbationΔP_L1 is 0.04 pu, ΔP_L2 is 0.01 pu, and ΔP_L3 is 0.02 pu: (a) no processing for delay; (b) control sequence selection; and (c) control sequence selection with optimization which is proposed in this paper. The output response of the three areas is shown in Figure 8.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

The results indicate that the system is stable in cases b and c, and case c has better performance in settling time and overshoot if time delays exist, while the output curves in case a have not only poor transient response but also obvious oscillation and instability.

Random load perturbation is also applied in the three areas to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The random load perturbation applied in the three areas is shown in Figure 9, and the system dynamic responses are shown in Figure 10.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

Figure 10 reveals that the fluctuation around zero has the least amplitude in case c, which means the frequency of system, with the random input, is in the most stable state when the proposed method is applied.

The measurement of two-channel random time delays is essential for the implementation of the proposed method. If the delays are taken into account in the control process, a further discussion of incorporating both forward C-A and feedback S-C delays into controller requires the consideration on the availability of the C-A delay information at the controller node in practical AGC system. Then, an embedded processor needs to be designed to obtain the delay from controller to actuator τ_ca. Although the obtaining process has sacrificed a little bit of efficiency compared with ideal condition, the simulation results will still conform to the control performance standard (CPS) of China. Therefore, the proposed method has great potential to be applied in real applications.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, a distributed model predictive AGC method is presented for the multiarea power systems with two-channel random time delays. As an example, a three-area interconnected power system model is built. The building of the system model takes into account not only the two-channel random delays but also the differences of time delays between areas. Based on the predictive characteristic of MPC, a novel method is proposed to mitigate the negative effects of the delays. When time delays exist, the control variable is obtained through a selection and optimization process depending on the predictive control sequence acquired from the received latest data. Three cases corresponding to no processing for delay, control sequence selection, and control sequence selection with optimization are analyzed. Dynamic responses pertaining to the proposed method for AGC show better performance in terms of settling time, overshoot, and oscillations compared to the other two cases, which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Data Availability

Figures 4 and 5 and Table 2 data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The research team members thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 61473116) and the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (Grant no. [2014]1685) for the support.

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Copyright © 2019 Xilin Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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