Static Voltage Stability Assessment of the Kenyan Power Network

Table 1

Reported voltage collapse incidents over the years [1].

Date (mm/dd/yy)	Location	Time frame	Interrupted load	Remarks
08/22/70	Japan	30 minutes	—	—
07/23/78	Japan (Tokyo)	20 minutes	8.168 GW	—
12/19/78	France	26 minutes	29 GW	Estimated cost: $200–300 million
08/04/82	Belgium	4.5 minutes	—	—
09/02/82, 11/26/82, 30/11/82	USA (Florida)	1–3 minutes	2 GW	—
12/27/82	Sweden	55 seconds	11.4 GW	—
05/17/85	USA (South Florida)	4 seconds	4.292 GW	—
11/30/86	S. E Brazil, Paraguay	2 seconds	>1.2 GW	—
01/12/87	Western France	6-7 minutes	∼9 GW	System did not collapse but stabilised at low voltage level; 0.5–0.8 pu and recovered after shedding 1.5 GW
08/22/87	USA (W. Tennessee)	10 seconds	1.265 GW	—
06/08/85	Israel	19 minutes	∼3.140 GW	—
May 1997	Chile	30 minutes	2 GW	—
08/14/03	USA, Canada	39 minutes	63 GW	Estimated cost: $4–10 billion people affected: 50 million
09/23/03	South Sweden,; East Denmark	—	6.55 GW	People affected: 4 million
07/12/04	S. Greece	30 minutes	5 GW	—
11/11/09	Brazil, Paraguay	68 seconds	24.436 GW	—
07/30/12, 07/31/12	India	—	—	People affected; 700 million