| | Category | Details |
| | Discrete emotion model | (1) 6 basic emotions proposed by Ekman and Friesen [27]: Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
(2) 10 basic emotions proposed by Izard [28]: Interest, happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt
(3) 20 emotions proposed by the PANAS scale [29]: 10 positive emotions and 10 negative emotions |
| | Dimensional emotional model | (1) The affective dimension proposed by Russell [30]: Described by two dimensions, namely, the value dimension (pleasure-nonpleasure) and the arousal dimension (activation-inactivation)
(2) Four-quadrant emotional model proposed by Whissell [31]: These two dimensions are divided into four quadrants on the basis of Russell. Quadrant I represents a positive and active emotional state. Quadrant II represents negative states in the active dimension. Quadrant III represents passive negative states in the negative dimension. Quadrant IV represents the active state in the passive dimension.
(3) Proposed by Mehrabian and Russell’s [32] pleasure arousal dominance model: This model can distinguish between anger (positive dominance, high dominance) and fear (negative dominance, low dominance). |
| | Component emotion model | Basic and complex emotions proposed by Plutchik [33]: The 8 basic emotions include happiness, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, anticipation, anger, and disgust. Complex emotions are combinations or mixtures of basic emotions. |
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