Review Article
Cumulative Impacts of Human Interventions and Climate Change on Mangrove Ecosystems of South and Southeast Asia: An Overview
Table 3
Factors influencing loss of mangroves in Indo-Malayan ecozone.
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Type of mangroves |
Area/country | Anthropogenic factors | Environmental factors | | Agricultural conversation | Shrimp pond conversation | Clear felling | Wood and fodder | War and conflict | Marine pollution | Urbanization | Rise in Sea Level | Increase in salinity | Erosion and sedimentation | High tide and Tsunami | Cyclones | Erosion of shoreline |
| | | Indus River Delta | South coast/ Pakistan | S | N | M | M | NS | S | M | NS | S | S | NS | NS | NS | | a | Indus River Delta | West coast/India | M | NS | L | L | NS | S | M | NS | M | M | NS | NS | NS | | | Mahanadi delta | Orissa/India | M | L | L | M | NS | L | M | N | N | M | NS | S | L |
| | b | Godavari-Krishna delta | Andhra Pradesh/India | M | M | L | M | NS | N | L | NS | NS | L | NS | L | L | | Pichavaram mangroves | Tamil Nadu/India | L | M | NS | L | NS | L | L | NS | L | NS | L | N | N |
| | c |
Sundarban mangroves | West Bengal/India | S | M | L | M | NS | M | M | S | M | M | S | S | S | | Sundarban mangroves | Khulna/Bangladesh | S | M | M | S | NS | L | L | M | L | M | M | S | S |
| | d | Irrawaddy delta | Irrawaddy Division/Myanmar | S | M | S | S | L | L | S | L | M | S | L | S | N | | Peninsular Malaya mangroves | West (Peninsular) Malaysia | S | S | M | M | NS | S | N | N | N | M | L | L | M |
| | e | Mekong delta | Southwest coast/Vietnam | S | S | S | S | S | M | M | S | M | M | L | M | S | | Red River delta | Northeast coast/Vietnam | S | M | M | M | NS | N | M | L | L | M | L | L | L | | Thailand mangroves | East coast/ Thailand | S | S | S | L | L | N | M | L | L | M | S | L | S | | Philippines mangrove | West coast/Philippines | M | S | S | L | NS | N | M | L | N | N | L | S | L |
| | f | Indonesian mangroves | Indonesia | S | S | S | M | NS | N | S | M | N | M | S | L | S |
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a: Indus River Delta mangroves, b: Godavari-Krishna delta mangroves, c: Sundarban mangroves, d: Myanmar coast mangroves, e: Indochina mangroves, f: Sunda Shelf mangroves.
S: severe impact, M: moderate impact, L: low impact, NS: no significant impact, N: no information.
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