The Links between Energy Consumption, Financial Development, and Economic Growth in Lebanon: Evidence from Cointegration with Unknown Structural Breaks

Table 2

Unit root analysis.

Variable	ADF unit root at level		ADF unit root at 1st difference
	-statistic	Prob. value	-statistic	Prob. value
	−2.9832 ()	0.1394	−11.3974 ()	0.0000
	−2.2992 ()	0.4321	8.8743 ()	0.0000
	−1.9300 ()	0.2547	−17.4153 ()	0.0000
Variable	Ng-Perron unit root test
	MZa	MZt	MSB	MPT
	−8.0367 ()	−1.9982	0.2486	11.3579
	−4.2960 ()	−1.4656	0.3411	21.2112
	−9.6893 ()	−2.1405	0.2209	9.6774
	−46.2855 ()	−4.8075	0.1038	1.9851
	−25.3303 ()	−3.5588	0.1405	3.5975
	−24.4338 ()	−3.4612	0.1416	3.9365

Note: represents significance at 1% levels. Lag order is shown in parentheses.