Case: 2 episodes of bronchial obstruction or 1 episode 4 weeks
- Q, at birth and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. - Reports from the family physician - Medical registers
Floor and wall covering materials
Home visit with systematic inspection
Floors PVC: Ca 72%, Co 59% Carpeting Ca 39%, Co 46% Walls Paper with PVC Ca 32% Co 34% Cloth wallpaper Ca 31%, Co 22%
- Atopy in parents - Problems with humidity and other variables related to the surface covering materials used in the home - Passive exposure to tobacco smoke - Siblings - Day care, breastfeeding, sex
Floors: - PVC in 1 or more rooms: 1.89 (1.14–3.14) - Carpeting in 1 or more rooms: 0.74 (0.48–1.13) Wall coverings: - Paper with PVC in 1 or more rooms: 0.72 (0.42–1.22) - Cloth wallpaper in 1 or more rooms: 1.58 (0.98–2.54)
2 first years of life - 304 pairs - Study of ventilation carried out for 172 pairs
Case: 2 episodes of bronchial obstruction or 1 episode 4 weeks
Q: at birth and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Reports from the family physician Medical registers
Textile or plastic indoor surfaces Ventilation of the home
Q, home visit with systematic inspection and measurement of ventilation
37% of the homes were insufficiently ventilated
- History of atopy in parents - Problems with humidity - Passive exposure to tobacco smoke - Siblings, breastfeeding, daycare at age one, sex
Cloth wallpaper All children: 1.7 (0.94–2.93) Depending on the ventilation of the home: - Low: 3.7 (0.62–21,53) - High: 1.7 (0.72–3.94) - Index of exposure to plastics: All: 2.9 (1.54–5.49) Depending on the ventilation of the home: - Low: 12.6 (1.00–159) - High: 2.6 (1.02–6.58)
Espoo, (Helsinki) Finland 2000 Jaakkola et al. [29]
- Parents’ education, a sole caregiver - Presence of pets with fur or feathers, mold, and humidity - Passive exposure to tobacco smoke, - Daycare outside the home, sex, age
Persistent wheezing: 3.42 (1.13–10.36) Persistent cough: 2.41 (1.04–5.63) Persistent phlegm: 2.76 (1.03–7.41) For the rest of the indicators, the results were not statistically significant
Redecorating in 67% of the homes: 37% new carpeting 17% new adhesive carpeting 48% new paint 52% new furniture
- Heating, gas for cooking - Size of home - Pets
OR - Respiratory infections in children at 6 weeks of age: Redecorating: 5.6 (1.3–24.0) - Wheezing in children 1 year of age: Redecorating: 1.9 (1.1–3.5)
During pregnancy: 66% During the first year: 19% During the second year: 19%
- Atopy in parents, - Humidity, pets - Tobacco smoke - IgE, birth weight, sex
OR - During the first year: Obstructive bronchitis: 4.1 (1.4–11.9) Wheezing: 2.4 (0.7–8.6) - During the second year: Obstructive bronchitis: 4.1 (1.4–12.9) Wheezing: 3.0 (1.0–9.1)
From birth to the age of 2 181 cases 359 controls paired by age
Recurrent wheezing
Q (parents)
Having painted the home/child’s room in the year prior to the child’s birth or during the first year of life. Ventilation in the home
Q, home visit with systematic inspection and measurement of ventilation
Painting the house but not the child’s room: Cases (16.6%) Controls (20.9%) Painting the child’s room: Cases (40.9%) Controls (30.6%)
- Maternal age, parents’ medical history (asthma, allergies), maternal smoking - Age of building - Breastfeeding
Painting the house but not the child’s room: 1.1 (0.7–1.9) Painting the child’s room: 1.7 (1.1–2.6) The amount of ventilation did not modify the correlation