Alcohol Marketing, Drunkenness, and Problem Drinking among Zambian Youth: Findings from the 2004 Global School-Based Student Health Survey
Table 4
Multivariate logistic regression analyses of the associations between demographic characteristics, alcohol marketing and alcohol education and problem drinking.
Four models predicting problem drinking
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
AOR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
Boys
0.75 (0.52–1.09)
0.76 (0.54–1.08)
0.77 (0.55–1.09)
0.78 (0.55–1.10)
Girls
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Age ≤ 13
1.20 (0.77–1.88)
1.20 (0.75–1.92)
1.22 (0.76–1.96)
1.23 (0.78–1.97)
Age 14
1.99 (1.31–3.03)
1.88 (1.23–2.88)
1.92 (1.26–2.93)
1.93 (1.26–2.97)
Age 15
1.20 (0.87–1.66)
1.15 (0.78–1.68)
1.14 (0.77–1.67)
1.14 (0.78–1.67)
Age ≥ 16
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Alcohol use past 30 days
12.35 (8.67–17.59)
5.16 (3.42–7.80)
4.87 (3.26–7.29)
4.90 (3.26–7.37)
Bullying victimization
—
2.10 (1.50–2.92)
2.04 (1.46–2.86)
2.02 (1.43–2.84)
Sadness
—
1.15 (0.94–1.40)
1.10 (0.90–1.35)
1.12 (0.92–1.35)
No friends
—
0.73 (0.47–1.15)
0.71 (0.46–1.11)
0.71 (0.46–1.11)
Missed school
—
2.26 (1.67–3.07)
2.20 (1.63–2.97)
2.19 (1.62–2.96)
No parental monitoring
—
1.06 (0.80–1.42)
1.05 (0.77–1.42)
1.04 (0.76–1.41)
Drug use
—
2.61 (1.89–3.60)
2.51 (1.82–3.47)
2.50 (1.80–3.45)
Alcohol marketing
Actors
—
—
1.26 (0.91–1.75)
1.27 (0.92–1.75)
Billboards
—
—
1.18 (0.84–1.65)
1.17 (0.84–1.64)
Provided free alcohol
—
—
1.43 (1.07–1.90)
1.41 (1.06–1.87)
Alcohol education
Danger of alcohol
—
—
—
0.83 (0.63–1.10)
Refuse alcohol
—
—
—
1.11 (0.83–1.49)
Each model included all listed variables. Reference categories for each variable are not shown but were those not exposed to or who did not report bullying victimization, sadness, having no friends, missed school, no parental monitoring, drug use, alcohol marketing or alcohol education.
