Cadmium Exposure and Pancreatic Cancer in South Louisiana

Table 2

(a) Distributions and risk estimates for potential cadmium exposures. (b) Distributions and risk estimates for potential dietary cadmium exposures.

(a)

Exposure	Level	Cases		Controls		OR^a	95% CI
		𝑛	%	𝑛	%
Urinary cadmium	<0.5 μg/g creatinine	10	14.5	71	44.9	ref
	0.5 to <1 μg/g creatinine	16	23.2	33	20.9	3.34	(1.38, 8.07)
	1 to <1.5 μg/g creatinine	13	18.8	18	11.4	5.58	(2.03, 15.34)
	1.5+ μg/g creatinine	24	34.8	19	12	7.70	(3.06, 19.34)
	Missing/outlier	6	8.7	17	10.8	n/a
Tobacco
	Never	24	34.8	69	43.7	ref
Cigarette smoking	Former	19	27.5	58	36.7	0.75	(0.32, 1.77)
	Current	26	37.7	31	19.6	1.52	(0.59, 3.94)
Pack years	0	24	34.8	69	43.7	ref
	>0–<40	27	39.1	57	36.1	1.23	(0.60, 2.51)
	≥40–<80	11	15.9	26	16.5	0.80	(0.32, 2.03)
	≥80	7	10.1	6	3.8	2.82	(0.82, 9.66)
Residential
Well water	No	45	65.2	123	77.9	ref
	Yes	24	34.8	35	22.2	1.51	(0.77, 2.97)
Ever lived on any farm	No	24	34.8	73	46.2	ref
	Yes	45	65.2	85	53.8	1.56	(0.81, 3.01)
Resided w/in 1 mile of refinery	No	63	91.3	148	93.7	ref
	Yes	6	8.7	10	6.3	1.48	(0.50, 4.43)
Occupational
Occupational any pesticides	No	63	91.3	135	85.4	ref
	Yes	6	8.7	23	14.6	0.47	(0.17, 1.31)
Occupational paints	No	51	73.9	109	69	ref
	Yes	18	26.1	49	31	0.73	(0.34, 1.60)
Occupational cadmium	No	68	98.6	156	98.7	ref
	Yes	1	1.5	2	1.3	1.69	(0.14, 20.39)
Worked as pipefitter/plumber/welder	No	62	89.9	155	98.1	ref
	Yes	7	10.1	3	1.9	5.88	(1.33, 26.01)
Worked in shipyard	No	65	94.2	154	97.5	ref
	Yes	4	5.8	4	2.5	3.13	(0.70, 13.96)
Worked in refinery	No	67	97.1	155	98.1	ref
	Yes	2	2.9	3	1.9	1.87	(0.27, 13.19)

(b)

Food	Weekly servings	Cases		Controls		OR^a	95% CI	Test for trend
		n	%	𝑛	%
All shellfish	<0.5	8	11.6	36	22.8	ref
	≥0.5–<1	9	13	21	13.3	2.01	(0.63,6.40)
	≥1–<2	15	21.7	37	23.4	2.18	(0.78,6.07)
	≥2	37	53.6	64	40.5	2.61	(1.02,6.69)	0.0898
All seafood	<0.5	4	5.8	16	10.1	ref
	≥0.5–<1	5	7.3	23	14.6	1.10	(0.24,5.13)
	≥1–<3	25	36.2	61	38.6	2.15	(0.60,7.71)
	≥3	35	50.7	58	36.7	2.87	(0.79,10.47)	0.0562
Beef	<1	12	17.4	34	21.5	ref
	≥1–<3	21	30.4	56	35.4	1.03	(0.43,2.48)
	≥3–<6	19	24.5	46	29.1	1.21	(0.49,2.98)
	≥6	17	24.6	22	13.9	2.36	(0.86,6.49)	0.0579
Pork	<2	10	14.5	52	32.9	ref
	≥2–<5	26	37.7	56	35.4	2.21	(0.94,5.21)
	≥5–<8	13	18.8	29	18.4	2.14	(0.78,5.84)
	≥8	20	29	21	13.3	4.44	(1.66,11.89)	0.0058
All red meat	<4	10	14.5	51	32.3	ref
	≥4–<8	25	36.2	48	30.4	2.53	(1.05,6.07)
	≥8–<12	10	14.5	37	23.4	1.27	(0.45,3.56)
	≥12	24	34.8	22	13.9	6.18	(2.28,16.76)	0.0009
Rice	<1	7	10.1	31	19.6	ref
	≥1–<5	25	36.2	70	44.3	1.52	(0.57,4.01)
	≥5–<10	16	23.2	33	20.9	1.64	(0.55,4.87)
	≥10	21	30.4	24	15.2	3.58	(1.17,10.91)	0.0203
Wheat	<5	15	21.7	47	29.8	ref
	≥5–<10	21	30.4	54	34.2	1.42	(0.63,3.20)
	≥10–<15	16	23.2	22	13.9	2.43	(0.96,6.14)
	≥15	17	24.6	35	22.2	1.87	(0.78,4.48)	0.1282
All grains	<10	6	8.7	24	15.2	ref
	≥10–<20	20	29	63	39.9	1.48	(0.50,4.42)
	≥20–<30	20	29	38	24.1	2.50	(0.83,7.57)
	≥30	23	33.3	33	20.9	3.38	(1.10,10.36)	0.0112

^aModels include: age at interview, race, gender, pack years, current smoking, alcoholic drinks per day, family history of pancreatic cancer, and completing high school.