A Synthesis of the Evidence for Managing Stress at Work: A Review of the Reviews Reporting on Anxiety, Depression, and Absenteeism

Table 1

Model for categorising stress management interventions (adapted from de Jonge and Dollard) [17].

Level	Primary prevention	Secondary prevention	Tertiary prevention	Outcome measures
Organisational	Improving work content, fitness programmes, and career development	Improving communication and decision making and conflict management	Vocational Rehabilitation and outplacement	Productivity, turn-over, absenteeism, and financial claims
Individual and Organizational interface	Time management, improving interpersonal skills, and Work/home Balance	Peer support groups, coaching, and career planning	Posttraumatic stress assistance programmes and group psychotherapy	Job stressors such as demands, control, support, role ambiguity, relationships, change, with burnout
Individual	Pre-employment medical examination and didactic stress management	Cognitive behavioural techniques and relaxation	Rehabilitation after sick leave, disability management, case management, and individual psychotherapy	Mood states, psychosomatic complaints, subjective experienced stress, physiological parameters, sleep disturbances, and health behaviours