The Impact of State Preemption of Local Smoking Restrictions on Public Health Protections and Changes in Social Norms

Table 2

Percentage of indoor workers with smoke-free workplaces, and percentage of adults who favor bans on indoor smoking, by state preemption status, USA, 2001.

Outcome	State Preemption Status	Percent (95 CI)	(𝑃 value)^a
Indoor workers—work in a 100% smoke-free workplace	No; Yes	72.4 (72.0, 72.9); 69.1 (68.5, 69.7)	(𝑃=0.06)
Never smokers—favor bans on smoking in indoor places	No; Yes	77.8 (77.4, 78.2); 72.6 (72.1, 73.2)	(𝑃=0.12)
Current smokers—favor bans on smoking in indoor places	No; Yes	44.1 (43.3, 44.8); 35.6 (34.7, 36.5)	(𝑃=0.02)
Former smokers—favor bans on smoking in indoor places	No; Yes	68.7 (68.0, 69.4); 62.8 (62.0, 63.7)	(𝑃=0.06)
Overall—favors bans on smoking in indoor places	No; Yes	68.8 (62.8, 74.9); 62.2 (59.8, 64.6)	(𝑃=0.05)

^aF-test for the hypothesis that average outcomes are the same in preemption and non-preemption states, as estimated from a multivariate hierarchical linear model. In addition to state preemption score, state-level covariates in the multivariate model include smoke-free score, funding for tobacco control programs, state cigarette excise tax, and US region. Individual-level covariates: age, gender, race, and marital status.