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Substance | Some data on occurrence, usea | References mentioning xenooestrogenic activity | References mentioning xenoandrogenic activity | References mentioning antiestrogenic activity | References mentioning antiandrogenic activity |
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Naturally occurring substances |
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20S-Protopanaxadiol | Gastrointestinal metabolic product of ginsenosides | | | [20] | |
Alpha-zearalenol | Metabolite of zearalenone, used as growth promoter in beef cattle in certain non-European Union countries | [21] | | | |
Apigenin | Flavonoid phytoestrogen | [22] | | | |
Ferutinine | Sesquiterpenoid, in plants of Umbelliferae family | [23] | | | |
Formononetin | Isoflavonoid, in red clover and soy extracts | [24] | | | |
Genistein | Isoflavonoid, in red clover and soy extracts | [24] | | [25] | |
Kaempferol | Flavonoid phytoestrogen | [22] | | | |
Methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers | Occur naturally in marine organisms | | | [26] | [26] |
Zearalenone | Mycotoxin, food contaminant | [21] | | | |
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Industrial products and pollutants including organohalogens, plastic components, detergents |
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3,9-Dihydroxy-benz[a]anthracene | Potential metabolite of benz[a]anthracene (PAH, mainly < incomplete combustion) | [27] | | | |
3-Methylcholanthrene | PAH, mainly < incomplete combustion | [28] | | [29] | |
4-n-Octylphenol | Intermediate in production of and degradation product of octylphenol ethoxylates used to in rubber, in pesticides and paints | [22, 30, 31] | | | |
4-Nonylphenol | Precursor to and degradation product of commercially important detergents | [30] | | | |
4-n-Propylphenol | Degradation product of surfactants | [31] | | | |
4-Tert-butyl 2-methylphenol | Industrial product and environmental contaminant | [22] | | | |
4-Tert-octylphenol | Used in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants | [22, 31, 32] | | | |
7,12-Dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene | PAH, mainly < incomplete combustion | [33] | | | |
Benzotriazole | Anticorrosive agent used in aircraft de-icing, antifreeze fluids, and dishwasher detergents | | | [34] | |
Benzyl butyl phthalate | Plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride in vinyl floor tiles, vinyl foam, and carpet backing, in cellulosic resins | [35] | | | |
Bisphenol A | Used in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins used as coatings on the inside of food and beverage cans | [22, 36, 37] | | | |
Dibutylphthalate | Mainly used as plasticiser, also in paints, inks, and cosmetics | [35] | | | |
Dichlorostyrene | Intermediate in chemical industry | | | [38] | |
Dodecylphenol | Used in phenol resins in adhesives and paints | [31, 39] | | | |
Nonylphenols | Precursor to and degradation product of commercially important detergents | [22, 31, 32] | | [40] | |
Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) | Flame retardants used in plastics, foams, building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles | [26, 41, 42] | | [43, 44] | |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (some congeners) | Industrial products, used as dielectric and coolant fluids | [45–50] | [51] | [52, 53] | [54] |
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Substances used in personal care products |
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3-Benzylidene camphor | UV filters, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [55] | | [55] | [55] |
4,4-Dihydroxy-benzophenone | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [55] | | | [55] |
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4-Hydroxybenzoic acid n-butyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester | Preservatives in foods, drugs, and personal products | [56] | | | |
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4-Hydroxybenzophenone | Metabolite of UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [55] | | | [55] |
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor | UV filters, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | | | [55] | [55] |
Benzophenone-1 | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [55] | | | [55] |
Benzophenone-2 | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [55, 57] | [55] | | [55] |
Benzophenone-3 | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [55] | | [55] | [55] |
Benzophenone-4 | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [55] | | [55, 58] | [55] |
Benzyl salicylate | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [55] | | [55] | [55] |
Ethoxylated ethyl 4-amino benzoate | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | | | [55] | |
Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [55] | | | [55] |
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Eusolex 2292, Eusolex 6300, Eusolex 6007, Eusolex HMS | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [56, 59] | | | |
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Galaxolide (HHCB) | Fragrance, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [56] | | [60] | [60] |
Homosalate | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | | [55] | [55] | [55] |
Isopentyl-4-methoxycinnamate | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | | [55] | [55] | [55] |
Octocrylene | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | | [55] | [55] | [55] |
Octyl dimethyl para amino benzoate | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | | | [55] | [55] |
Octyl salicylate | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | | [55] | [55] | [55] |
Octyl-methoxycinnamate | UV filters, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | | [55] | [55] | [55] |
Para amino-benzoic acid | UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | | | [55] | |
Phenyl salicylate | UV filters, used in sunscreens and cosmetics | [55] | | [55] | [60] |
Tonalide (AHTN) | | | | [60] | [60] |
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Pesticides |
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2,4,5-Trichloro-phenoxyacetic acid | Herbicide, defoliant used in Agent Orange in Vietnam | | | [61] | |
3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropene carboxylic acid | Pyrethroid insecticide metabolite | | | [62] | |
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid | Pyrethroid insecticide metabolite | | | [62] | |
Alachlor | Acid amide herbicide against grasses and broadleaf weeds. Use as herbicide banned in European Union (2006) | | | [63] | |
Aldrin, | Organochlorine insecticide, widely used until 1970s | [63] | | [61] | [64] |
Atrazine | Still widely used triazine herbicide, banned in the European Union | [65] | | | |
Azinphos-methyl | Organophosphate insecticide, banned in the European Union (2006) | | | | [66] |
Benomyl | Carbamate fungicide has been used on fruits | [61] | | | |
Bromopropylate | Carbinol acaricide, used on fruits and legumes, in viticulture | [63] | | | [63, 66] |
Carbaryl | Carbamate insecticide, widely used in gardens, agriculture, and forestry | | | [61] | |
Chlomethoxyfen | Diphenyl ether herbicide, used on rice | | | | [63] |
Chlordane, | Organochlorine pesticide, banned in USA in 1988 | [61, 63] | | | [63, 64] |
Chlordecone | Organochlorine insecticide and fungicide, banned by the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants | [22, 61] | | [61] | |
Chlornitrofen | Diphenyl ether herbicide | | | | [63] |
Chlorpropham | Carbamate herbicide and plant growth regulator | | | | [66] |
Chlorpyriphos | Organophosphorus insecticide, highly used on corn and fruit trees, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 | [63, 67, 68] | | | |
Cycloprothrin | Pyrethroid insecticide used in agriculture | | | [62] | |
Cyfluthrin | Pyrethroid insecticide, agriculture, home, garden | [63] | | [62] | [63] |
Cyhalothrin | pyrethroid insecticide, agriculture, home, garden | | | [63] | [66] |
Cypermethrin, | Pyrethroid insecticide, in agriculture, home, garden | [63, 69] | | | |
Cyprodinil | Fungicide used in agriculture and on fruit | | | | [66] |
DDE | DDT metabolite | | | | [63, 66] |
DDT, | Organochlorine pesticide. Banned | [22, 61, 63] | | | [63, 64] |
Deltamethrin | Pyrethroid insecticide, widely used, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 | [67] | | [63] | |
Dichlorvos | Organophosphate insecticide widely used to control household pests, also on outdoor fruit, and vegetable crops. Frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 | | | | [67] |
Dicofol | Organochlorine pesticide for mite control on agricultural crops, ornamentals, and around buildings | [63] | | | [63, 66] |
Dieldrin | Organochlorine pesticide, now banned in many countries | [61, 63, 67] | | | [63, 64, 67] |
Dimethomorph | Cinnamic acid fungicide, used in agriculture (potatoes) | | | | [66] |
Endosulfan, | Organochlorine insecticide, banned by the Stockholm Convention (2011) | [61, 63, 67, 68, 70] | | [61] | [63, 64, 66, 67, 69] |
Endrin | Organochlorine pesticide, used in agriculture. Now banned in many countries | [61, 63] | | [61] | [64] |
Ethoxyquin | Quinoline-based antioxidant used as a food preservative (E324) and a pesticide | | | | [66] |
Etofenprox | Pyrethroid insecticide used in homes (pet and foggers) | | | [62] | |
Fenarimol | Heterocyclic organochlorine fungicide, used on ornamentals, trees, horticulture (frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001) | [63, 67, 70] | | | [63, 67, 70] |
Fenbuconazole | Triazole fungicide used in agriculture, fruit | [61] | | | |
Fenhexamid | Fungicide, used on fruit, ornamentals, trees | | | | [66] |
Fenitrothion | Organophosphorus insecticide, agriculture, grain storage | | | | [66] |
Fenthion | Organothiophosphate insecticide, avicide, and acaricide, widely used in sugar cane, rice, field corn, beets, pome and stone fruit, citrus fruits, pistachio, cotton, olives, coffee, cocoa, vegetables, and vines | | | | [71] |
Fenvalerate | Pyrethroid pesticide, agriculture, home, garden | [61, 63] | | | [63] |
Fludioxonil | Fungicide used on sowing-seed, vegetables, fruits, and ornamentals | | | | [66] |
Imazalil | Imidazole fungicide: sowing seed, potatoes, and fruits after harvesting | | | | [66] |
Lindane | Organochlorine insecticide, used to treat lice and scabies | | | | [64] |
Linuron | Phenylureum herbicide: horticulture | | | | [66] |
Methiocarb | Carbamate insecticide, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 | [63, 67, 68] | | | [63, 66, 67] |
Methoxychlor | Organochlorine pesticide, used on crops, ornamentals, livestock, and pets against insects. Banned in the USA (2003) and European Union (2002) | [22, 61, 63, 67] | | [61, 63] | [63, 64] |
Metolachlor | Chloroacetanilide herbicide, grass and broadleaf weed control in agriculture | [63] | | | |
O-Phenylphenol | Fungicide, generally applied after harvest; used for waxing citrus fruits. As a food additive, it has E number E231 | | | | [66] |
Pentachlorophenol | Organochlorine pesticide: herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, antifouling paint, preservation of wood. Use now restricted | | | [61] | [64] |
Permethrin | Pyrethroid insecticide, agriculture, home, garden | [63] | | [62] | [69] |
Pirimicarb | Carbamate insecticide: vegetable, cereal, and orchard crops | [68] | | | |
Pirimiphos-methyl | Phosphorothioate insecticide: postharvest insecticide used on stored corn and sorghum grain and seed | | | | [66] |
Prochloraz | Imidazole-type foliar fungicide: gardening and agriculture, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001. | [72, 73] | | | [60, 66, 67] |
Procymidone | Dicarboximide fungicide: preharvest spray or postharvest dip of lupins, grapes, stone fruit, strawberries | | | | [66] |
Propamocarb | Carbamate fungicide: horticulture, ornamentals, agriculture | [68] | | | |
Pyrazoxyfen | Benzoylpyrazole herbicide | | | [63] | |
Pyrimethanil | Fungicide: fruit,vineyards | | | | [66] |
Quinoxyfen | Fungicide: cereals, beets, strawberries, some berries | | | | [66] |
Tebuconazole | Triazole fungicide: agriculture. Assessed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency as potentially toxic; | | | | [66] |
Tetramethrin | Pyrethroid insecticide: Primarily pressurized aerosols in household, industrial, commercial, and institutional settings | | | [74] | |
Tolclofos-methyl | Organophosphorous fungicide, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 | [63, 67, 68] | | | |
Toxaphene | Organochlorine insecticide (banned in many countries) | [61, 68] | | | |
Trans-nonachlor | Organochlorine insecticide: agriculture | [61] | | | [64] |
tribenuron-methyl | Herbicide: grains; still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 | [67] | | | |
Triflumizole | Conazole fungicide: plant protection | | | [63] | |
Vinclozolin | Dicarboximide fungicide, used on fruits and vegetables, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001. Use now strictly regulated | [61] | | | [63, 66, 67] |
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