Review Article
Impact of Tobacco Control Interventions on Smoking Initiation, Cessation, and Prevalence: A Systematic Review
Table 2
Overall summary of the impact of tobacco control interventions on smoking initiation, cessation, and prevalence.
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*Grading classification: high strength of evidence indicates high confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect, and further research is very unlikely to change the result. Moderate strength of evidence indicates moderate confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect, and further research may change the result. Low strength of evidence indicates low confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect, and further research is likely to change the result. Insufficient indicates that no evidence was available. †One of these studies stratified results by gender and age (% impact on prevalence rate after 2 years for those under age 45 years = −7.4% and for those aged 45 years and older = −1.4%). ‡These studies had severe methodological flaws that limit our ability to make conclusions. ¶The strongest study methodologically showed a hazard ratio of 0.8 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.91; ) per 10,000 GRP cumulative exposure. ∧Two of the pre-/post- cross-sectional studies were methodologically stronger than the others. One study reported an odds ratio of cessation = 1.27 (95% CI: 0.77 to 2.08). The other reported a relative risk of quitting = 1.1 (95% CI: 0.98 to 1.24) per 5,000 GRPS. §Additionally, a well-conducted time series analysis reported a decrease in percentage point prevalence two months later of −0.00077 per 1 GRP per month increase (). This is the equivalent of each person viewing an average of 4 ads per month to achieve a 0.30 percentage point decline in smoking prevalence. CI: confidence intervals; GRP: gross rating point; PPE: price participation elasticity; RCT: randomized controlled trial. |