Impact of Tobacco Control Interventions on Smoking Initiation, Cessation, and Prevalence: A Systematic Review

Table 5

Effects of advertising and sponsorship of tobacco products on smoking prevalence.

Author, year	Country; (Data source)	Study design	Dates of data collection	Population	Intervention, n	Smoking measure	Effect on smoking prevalence
Smoking prevalence
White et al., 2011 [16]	Australia (cross-sectional surveys of secondary schools)	Before/after w/comparison	1990–2005	Youths, age 12–17	Scoring system based on the extent to which policies have been adopted	Smoked in the past month	aOR: 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01; 1.05)
Sloan and Trogdon, 2004 [33]	US (BRFSS)	Before/after w/o comparison	1990–2002	Adults, age 18+; 35–46% male	Any advertising restrictions*, 1,762,686	Daily or some day smoker	18 to 20 years old; Coeff. (se): −0.016 (0.012); 𝑃>0.05; 21 to 24 years old; Coeff. (se): −0.017 (0.010); 𝑃>0.05; 25 to 44 years old; Coeff. (se): −0.005 (0.007); 𝑃>0.05; 45 to 64 years old; Coeff. (se): −0.004 (0.006); 𝑃>0.05; 65+ year olds; Coeff. (se): −0.006 (0.006); 𝑃>0.05
Galduróz et al., 2007 [67]	Brazil (original data collection)	Before/after w/o comparison	1997–2004	Youths, age 11–18; 42% male	Advertising ban on the following media: billboard, print, radio, sponsorship, sporting or cultural activity, TV, 15,501^† and 21,172^‡	Lifetime use of tobacco	Baseline prevalence: 32.7%; Smoking prevalence 4 years after ad ban: 25.0%
Fielding et al., 2004 [68]	Hong Kong (original data collection)	Before/after w/o comparison	1990–2001	Youths, aged 8–10	Advertising ban on the following media: broadcast media (1990), billboards, print (1999), 824	Ever smoked	Baseline prevalence: 7.8%; Follow-up smoking prevalence: 3.8%
Siahpush et al., 2009 [30]	Australia (Roy Morgan Single Source)	Before/after w/o comparison	1991–2006	Adults, age 18+; ages 18–29: 21%; ages 30–49: 41%; ages 50+: 38%; 48% male	National ban on tobacco sponsorship, bringing 2 remaining states into line with the 3 states that had already banned tobacco sponsorship at the state level (December, 1995), 515,866	Do you now smoke factory-made cigarettes? In the last month, have you smoked any roll-your-own cigarettes?	aRR = 1.00, 𝑃=0.90

*Based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System.
^†Preban sample size.
^‡Postban sample size.
aRR: adjusted rate ratio; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; BRFSS: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey; CI: confidence interval; coeff.: coefficient; se: standard error.