Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites and Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Learning Disability, and Special Education in U.S. Children Aged 6 to 15

Table 1

Urinary PAH metabolite concentrations (ng/L), NHANES 2001–2004 participants aged 6–15 with no missing covariates or outcomes (𝑁=1257).

PAH; metabolite	Percent below LOD^a	Minimum	Percentiles (95% confidence intervals)						Maximum
			5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	95th
1-pyrene	0.5	2.1	15.3; (11.6, 18.9)	21.7; (18.6, 24.8)	37.9; (32.9, 42.9)	76.1; (65.0, 87.2)	161.0; (143.4, 178.6)	483.5; (61.6, 357.8)	2216
1-napthol	0.1	33	263.8; (93.5, 334.1)	404.1; (334.7, 473.5)	722.5; (648.2, 796.7)	1290.1; (1140.9, 1439.2)	2969.2; (2572.6, 3365.9)	11165; (9373.5, 12956.1)	567902
2-napthol	0	27	354.5; (269.8, 439.2)	619.3; (527.4, 711.1)	1063.9; (977.8, 1150.0)	2036.6; (1812.7, 2260.5)	3622.8; (3233.3, 4012.3)	9748.2; (7344.2, 12152.1)	345241
FLUO metabolites
2-fluorene	0	4	52.1; (43.7, 60.4)	81.2; (66.7, 95.8)	141.8; (126.9, 156.8)	254.3; (228.0, 280.6)	395.9; (357.8, 434.0)	875.1; (772.8, 977.3)	7828.6
3-fluorene	0.1	3.5	22.3; (17.2, 27.5)	33.9; (28.1, 39.7)	60.9; (53.5, 68.3)	102.2; (94.7, 109.7)	167.0; (154.7, 179.2)	386.3; (322.8, 449.8)	3462.7
PHEN metabolites
1-phenanthrene	0.3	2.8	30.0; (24.3, 35.8)	43.0; (36.3, 49.6)	74.8; (66.2, 83.5)	128.7; (116.2, 141.2)	225.1; (201.4, 248.8)	506.5; (407.5, 605.6)	2297
2-phenanthrene	4.1	2.1	5.8; (2.0, 9.6)	12.4; (8.9, 16.0)	24.9; (20.5, 29.3)	49.1; (43.9, 54.4)	82.9; (74.2, 91.7)	226.6; (195.2, 257.9)	2469
3-phenanthrene	0.6	2.8	22.9; (18.3, 27.4)	35.1; (30.3, 40.0)	61.3; (55.6, 66.9)	106.0; (94.0, 118.0)	186.8; (167.7, 205.8)	413.6; (315.1, 512.1)	19643

aLimits of detection (LOD) (ng/L) for PAH metabolites.
2001-2002: 1-pyrene: 3.3, 1-napthol: 6.2, 2-napthol: 2.4, 2-fluorene: 3.6, 3-fluorene: 2.0, 1-phenanthrene: 3.5, 2-phenanthrene: 3.2, and 3-phenanthrene: 3.6.
2003-2004: 1-pyrene: 4.9, 1-napthol: 18, 2-napthol: 12, 2-fluorene: 4.5, 3-fluorene: 6.9, 1-phenanthrene: 2.6, 2-phenanthrene: 3.8, and 3-phenanthrene: 2.6.