Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites and Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Learning Disability, and Special Education in U.S. Children Aged 6 to 15
Table 5
Multivariate associationsa between PAH metabolites and SE, NHANES 2001–2004 ().
All () OR (95% CI)
Male () OR (95% CI)
Female () OR (95% CI)
value for interactionb
1-Pyrene
Log-transformed
1.10 (0.86, 1.42)
1.24 (0.94, 1.63)
0.82 (0.49, 1.38)
0.3
High versus low
1.52 (0.86, 2.68)
1.83 (1.00, 3.34)
1.07 (0.43, 2.66)
0.8
1-Napthol
Log-transformed
1.05 (0.88, 1.26)
1.02 (0.77, 1.37)
1.17 (0.81, 1.69)
0.1
High versus low
1.32 (0.77, 2.25)
1.55 (0.73, 3.29)
1.01 (0.41, 2.51)
0.3
2-Napthol
Log-transformed
1.18 (0.89, 1.57)
1.27 (0.88, 1.82)
1.06 (0.71, 1.59)
0.5
High versus low
1.00 (0.53, 1.89)
1.27 (0.62, 2.60)
0.68 (0.27, 1.74)
0.9
FLUO metabolites
Log-transformed
1.32 (0.92, 1.89)
1.24 (0.88, 1.75)
1.55 (0.79, 3.03)
0.4
High versus low
2.00 (1.05, 3.84)
2.25 (1.24, 4.07)
1.78 (0.59, 5.35)
0.2
PHEN metabolites
Log-transformed
1.25 (0.89, 1.75)
1.25 (0.87, 1.80)
1.25 (0.67, 2.34)
0.2
High versus low
1.01 (0.61, 1.66)
1.01 (0.53, 1.91)
1.07 (0.44, 2.63)
0.7
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, creatinine, smokers in the household, PIR, birthweight, and having a routine source of medical care.
b value for interaction term sex * PAH.
