Air Quality and Respiratory Health among Adolescents from the United Arab Emirates

Table 5

Predictors of respiratory conditions and symptoms among adolescents in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

	Reference	Chronic bronchitis		Emphysema		Asthma		Wheeze		Dry cough
		OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Sex (female)	Male			1.93	0.40–9.32		1.10–1.73				0.60–0.81
Emirate (Fujairah)	Abu Dhabi City						1.66–4.17			1.22	0.90–1.67
	Al Ain					1.21	0.73–1.99			1.00	0.72–1.38
	Western						1.03–3.22			1.11	0.76–1.63
	Ajman					1.75	0.91–3.48			1.22	0.78–1.93
	Dubai					1.25	0.73–2.14			1.01	0.71–1.43
	UAQ					1.61	0.69–3.78			1.44	0.81–2.56
	RAK					1.08	0.63–1.86			0.84	0.59–1.20
	Sharjah					1.37	0.83–2.25			0.94	0.67–1.31
Reside near industry/gas stations/construction (no)	Yes			1.32	0.27–6.34		1.26–2.16	1.24	0.93–1.65
Reside close to overhead power lines/plants (no)	Yes			3.71	0.83–16.62	1.02	0.74–1.40
Exposed to tobacco (not at all)	Occasionally	1.03	0.57–1.84			1.04	0.82–1.32		1.11–1.84		1.22–1.72
	Daily	1.13	0.53–2.43				1.01–1.88		1.10–2.15		1.20–1.91
Cooking methods (microwave)	Electricity							1.56	0.33–7.45
	Gas							1.00	0.23–4.49
Residential humidity (no)	Yes								1.01–1.75
Pests (e.g., cockroaches, rodents) present in residence (no)	Yes			2.07	0.38–11.39						1.15–1.53
	Sometimes			0.75	0.14–4.14						1.05–1.40
Pets in residence (no)	Yes			1.98	0.49–8.00	1.23	0.97–1.56
Regular use of insecticide/pesticide (no)	Sometimes/yes									1.14	0.96–1.35
Exposure to arts/crafts/ceramics/stain (no)	Yes		1.26–3.66		1.14–18.96			1.18	0.90–1.54
Concerned about air pollution (not at all)	Extremely								1.08–2.08		1.01–1.57
	Moderately							1.17	0.87–1.58		1.15–1.69
	Slightly							1.02	0.75–1.39	1.08	0.88–1.31
Ever smoked (no)	Yes	1.39	0.68–2.85	1.35	0.28–6.62	1.13	0.83–1.54		1.39–2.59		1.06–1.63
Currently smoking (no)	Yes	0.82	0.36–1.89	0.74	0.11–5.05	1.06	0.76–1.47	1.00	0.70–1.41
Ever used illegal drugs (no)	Yes	1.23	0.15–9.74	3.99	0.23–7.81			1.28	0.56–2.95
Purposely smelled gasoline fumes, glue, correctors, car exhaust, or burning black ants (no)	Yes			0.22	0.02–2.05				1.15–1.85		1.23–1.70
Engages in physical activity (no)	Yes	0.63	0.19–2.07
School (private)	Public					1.26	0.92–1.72	0.94	0.72–1.23
Ethnicity (South East Asia)
	UAE		1.52–16.44				1.06–2.60
	GCC		1.32–23.82				1.01–3.06
	Arab/Middle East		1.22–16.26			1.37	0.89–2.11
	Arab/North Africa		1.10–16.90				1.06–2.66
	Western		3.05–83.07				1.02–5.50
	Other					1.85	0.73–4.66
UAE born (no)	Yes					1.22	0.93–1.64			1.19	1.00–11.1
Father completed high school (yes)	No									1.10	0.91–1.34
Mother completed high school (yes)	No									1.08	0.89–1.30
Residential property tenure (own)	Rent							1.08	0.83–1.40
Diagnosis with chronic bronchitis (no)	Yes	NA			4.52–90.91	NA		NA		NA
Diagnosis with asthma (no)	Yes	NA		2.83	0.65–12.35	NA		NA		NA
Report wheeze (no)	Yes	NA			1.49–31.25	NA		NA		NA
Report dry cough (no)	Yes	NA		1.11	0.28–4.42	NA		NA		NA
Hosmer and Lemeshow Test		5.49				4.80		3.86		5.64

; ; ; missing due to small sample size.