Residential Exposure to Urban Traffic Is Associated with Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children

Table 1

Selected child and household sociodemographic and health characteristics stratified by residential proximity to traffic ().

Characteristics	Residential proximity to traffic
	<100 m ()	100–199 m ()	≥200 m ()
	Mean ± S.D.	Mean ± S.D.	Mean ± S.D.
	Number (%)	Number (%)	Number (%)
Child and household sociodemographic characteristics
Child age (yrs)	9.0 ± 1.5	9.0 ± 1.5	8.8 ± 1.3
Child gender (male)	58 (46.0)	41 (45.1)	30 (42.9)
Child ethnicity (mestizo)	119 (94.4)	87 (95.6)	70 (100.0)
Household size (number of members)	5.1 ± 1.6	5.1 ± 2.0	4.9 ± 1.6
Monthly household per capita income (US$)	83.0 ± 49	87.0 ± 53	80.0 ± 49
Child lives in single parent home	20 (15.9)	12 (13.2)	14 (20.0)
Mother’s education (years completed)	8.5 ± 4	7.5 ± 3	7.3 ± 3
Paternal education (years completed)	9.3 ± 3	8.2 ± 3	7.8 ± 3
Child nutrition and health characteristics
Underweight for age-and-sex	11 (8.7)	6 (6.6)	2 (2.9)
Normal weight for age-and-sex	93 (73.8)	69 (75.8)	43 (61.4)
Overweight/obese	22 (17.5)	16 (17.6)	25 (35.7)
Midupper arm circumference (cm)	19 ± 2.2	19 ± 2.3	19 ± 2.6
Blood pressure
Systolic BP (mmHg)	93 ± 8	93 ± 8	93 ± 8
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	65 ± 6	65 ± 6	64 ± 6
Mean arterial pressure	74 ± 6	74 ± 6	74 ± 5
Fasting blood lipid profile
Total blood cholesterol (mg/dL)	175 ± 28	169 ± 28	180 ± 35
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	94 ± 21	90 ± 21	96 ± 25
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	58 ± 12	56 ± 13	56 ± 13
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	81 ± 34	87 ± 74	91 ± 43
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	88 ± 10	86 ± 9	87 ± 9
High sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L)	1.1 ± 2.0	2.8 ± 7.8	1.7 ± 4.5
Interleukin-6 (pg/L)	7.3 ± 4.9	6.0 ± 3.6	6.3 ± 4.7
Family health history
Heart attack or stroke	19 (15.1)	18 (19.8)	10 (14.3)
Hypertension	39 (30.2)	21 (23.1)	14 (20.0)
Hypercholesterolemia	20 (15.9)	10 (11.0)	13 (18.6)
Type 2 diabetes	28 (22.2)	18 (19.8)	12 (17.1)

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