Residential Exposure to Urban Traffic Is Associated with Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children

Table 3

Association of traffic indicators with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) measurements in child participants ().

	Mean difference (95% CI)	Mean difference (95% CI)	Mean difference (95% CI)
	Residential distance to traffic
	<100 meters	100–199 meters	≥200 meters
cIMT mean (m)
Unadjusted model	6.0 (4.1, 7.9)^*	1.7 (0.4, 3.7)	Ref. category
Model 1^a	5.9 (3.9, 7.8)^*	1.2 (0.8, 3.3)	Ref. category
Model 2^b	5.7 (3.7, 7.8)^*	1.4 (0.7, 3.4)	Ref. category
cIMT maximum (m)
Unadjusted model	6.0 (4.2, 8.2)^*	1.1 (1.0, 3.2)	Ref. category
Model 1^a	6.1 (4.1, 8.1)^*	0.8 (1.3, 3.0)	Ref. category
Model 2^b	5.9 (3.8, 7.9)^*	0.9 (1.3, 0.3)	Ref. category
	Distance-weighted traffic density (DWTD)^c
	Tertile 3	Tertile 2	Tertile 1
cIMT mean (m)
Unadjusted model	4.8 (2.9, 6.7)^*	3.6 (1.7, −5.5)	Ref. category
Model 1^a	4.8 (2.8, 6.7)^**	3.4 (1.4, −5.4)	Ref. category
Model 2^b	4.8 (2.8, 6.7)^*	3.4 (1.5, −5.4)	Ref. category
cIMT maximum (m)
Unadjusted model	5.2 (3.2, 7.2)^*	3.4 (1.4, −5.4)	Ref. category
Model 1^a	5.1 (3.1, 7.0)^*	3.1 (1.1, −5.2)	Ref. category
Model 2^b	5.0 (3.0, 7.0)^*	3.0 (1.0, −5.1)	Ref. category

Model 1: estimate adjusted for factors associated with cIMT and atherogenesis in healthy children: age, sex, BMI, mean arterial pressure, fasting total blood cholesterol, positive family CVD history, and systemic inflammation markers (hsCRP, IL-6).
Model 2: estimate adjusted for annual neighborhood background concentrations of PM_2.5 and ozone, residence altitude, average time spent outdoors (≥240 minutes/day versus <240 minutes/day), average time residence outside windows opened during day (≥60 minutes/day versus <60 minutes/day), and presence of outside smoker in household.
Distance-weighted traffic density: Tertile 3: 10,128–65,770, Tertile 2: 783–9,876, and Tertile 1: 0–76.
; .