Research Article
Residential Exposure to Urban Traffic Is Associated with Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children
Table 3
Association of traffic indicators with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) measurements in child participants ().
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Model 1: estimate adjusted for factors associated with cIMT and atherogenesis in healthy children: age, sex, BMI, mean arterial pressure, fasting total blood cholesterol, positive family CVD history, and systemic inflammation markers (hsCRP, IL-6). Model 2: estimate adjusted for annual neighborhood background concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone, residence altitude, average time spent outdoors (≥240 minutes/day versus <240 minutes/day), average time residence outside windows opened during day (≥60 minutes/day versus <60 minutes/day), and presence of outside smoker in household. Distance-weighted traffic density: Tertile 3: 10,128–65,770, Tertile 2: 783–9,876, and Tertile 1: 0–76. ; . |