Cross-Sectional Study of Polybrominated Flame Retardants and Self-Reported Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in US Youth Aged 12–15 (NHANES 2003-2004)
Table 4
Crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) for ADHD diagnosed by a health care provider and PBDE exposure.
ADHD Yes
ADHD No
Weighted crude odds (95% CI)
value
Unweighted crude odds (95% CI)
value
Weighted adjusted odds (95% CI)
value
Unweighted adjusted odds (95% CI)
values
BDE-28
Lipid-adjusted
24
282
1.01 (0.51, 1.99)
0.98
1.11 (0.63, 1.94)
0.72
1.16 (0.51, 2.67)
0.68
0.97 (0.52, 1.82)
0.93
Wet weight
24
282
0.93 (0.42, 2.08)
0.84
0.90 (0.51, 1.57)
0.70
0.97 (0.38, 2.45)
0.94
0.85 (0.50, 1.78)
0.86
BDE-47
Lipid-adjusted
25
284
0.83 (0.48, 1.44)
0.52
0.99 (0.64, 1.54)
0.97
1.36 (0.72, 2.56)
0.32
1.03 (0.63, 1.67)
0.91
Wet weight
25
284
1.17 (0.68, 2.05)
0.54
1.01 (0.65, 1.57)
0.96
1.22 (0.62, 2.40)
0.55
1.01 (0.62, 1.66)
0.96
BDE-99
Lipid-adjusted
24
279
0.82 (0.44, 1.52)
0.50
0.97 (0.61, 1.46)
0.80
1.51 (0.70, 3.25)
0.26
1.06 (0.65, 1.71)
0.82
Wet weight
24
279
1.25 (0.65, 2.42)
0.47
1.06 (0.69, 1.63)
0.79
1.37 (0.63, 2.98)
0.39
1.04 (0.64, 1.69)
0.87
BDE-100
Lipid-adjusted
25
288
0.72 (0.36, 1.44)
0.32
0.95 (0.61, 1.48)
0.83
1.53 (0.73, 3.23)
0.24
1.04 (0.64, 1.69)
0.84
Wet weight
25
288
1.36 (0.70, 2.64)
0.34
1.05 (0.68, 1.63)
0.82
1.37 (0.66, 2.82)
0.37
1.03 (0.64, 1.67)
0.91
BDE-153
Lipid-adjusted
25
288
1.27 (0.56, 2.90)
0.54
1.02 (0.66, 1.57)
0.93
1.43 (0.57, 3.56)
0.42
1.02 (0.61, 1.65)
0.95
Wet weight
25
288
1.29 (0.52, 3.21)
0.56
0.98 (0.64, 1.51)
0.93
0.27 (0.56, 2.90)
0.54
1.00 (0.60, 1.67)
0.99
Sum PBDEs
Lipid-adjusted
24
278
1.24 (0.63,2.42)
0.50
0.99 (0.62, 1.58)
0.97
1.41 (0.70, 2.83)
0.31
0.99 (0.60, 1.64)
0.97
Wet weight
24
278
1.19 (0.63, 2.25)
0.56
1.00 (0.63, 1.59)
0.99
1.24 (0.62, 2.50)
0.52
0.99 (0.58, 1.68)
0.96
Sum PBDEs
Lipid-adjusted below 75%
11
139
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Above 75%
13
139
0.87 (0.19, 3.91)
0.84
0.76 (0.31, 1.84)
0.54
0.59 (0.10, 3.56)
0.53
0.70 (0.38, 1.29)
0.26
Wet weight
Below 75%
16
205
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
≥75%
8
73
1.03 (0.19, 5.65)
0.97
0.72 (0.29, 1.75)
0.47
0.90 (0.21, 3.72)
0.87
0.60 (0.22, 1.64)
0.32
Sum PBDE
Lipid-adjusted 1st tertile (lowest)
11
131
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
2nd tertile
5
78
5.75 (2.02, 16.34)
0.003
1.31 (0.44, 3.92)
0.63
6.16 (1.19, 31.90)
0.03
1.34 (0.39, 4.64)
0.64
3rd tertile (highest)
8
69
1.09 (0.23, 5.22) 1.64 (0.56, 4.80)
0.91
0.73 (0.28, 1.90)
0.52
0.99 (0.23, 4.29)
0.99
0.66 (0.23, 1.94)
0.45
Wet weight
1st tertile (lowest)
10
133
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
2nd tertile
5
77
1.55 (0.39, 6.28)
0.51
1.23 (0.33, 4.63)
0.76
1.81 (0.41, 8.04)
0.41
1.17 (0.33, 4.16)
0.81
3rd tertile (highest)
9
68
1.96 (0.66, 5.81)
0.21
1.17 (0.37, 3.76)
0.79
0.63 (0.17, 2.36)
0.46
0.47 (0.16, 1.38)
0.17
Natural log transformed. Weighted analysis was conducted using NHANES sampling weights to account for the complex sampling design. According to NHANES guidelines, the sample weights were used which corresponded to subsample that had their serum analyzed for PBDEs [15]. Adjusted for lead, sex, birthweight, BMI, daycare attendance, and prenatal smoke exposure.
