Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Modifying Effect of Community Violence on the Association between Paternity Status and Preterm Birth
Table 1
Characteristics of study population by paternity status, Richmond, Virginia, 2004–2013.
Characteristics
Total N = 27,518 %
Paternity not established N = 16,146 %
Paternity established N = 11,372 %
Chi square
Individual-level characteristics
All participants
100
58.7
41.3
<.0001
Age
<.0001
<19
7.4
11.8
1.2
19–24
33.5
47.2
14.0
25–34
46.5
35.1
62.8
≥35
12.6
5.9
22.0
Race/ethnicity
<.0001
Non-Hispanic White
31.3
9.7
62.6
Non-Hispanic Black
57.6
78.2
27.6
Hispanic
11.2
12.1
9.9
Education
<.0001
Less than high school
24.7
35.4
9.7
High school graduate
27.7
39.4
11.3
More than high school
47.6
25.3
79.1
Insurance
<.0001
Private
43.8
23.0
73.4
Medicaid
43.4
61.7
17.4
Self-pay
12.8
15.3
9.2
Tobacco user
7.6
10.6
3.3
<.0001
Alcohol drinking
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9617
Parity
<.0001
No previous live birth
44.7
43.1
46.9
1 prior live birth
28.5
27.0
30.7
2 live births
14.9
15.9
13.5
≥3 live births
11.9
14.0
9.0
Adequacy of prenatal care
<.0001
Inadequate/intermediate
30.8
36.5
22.7
Adequate
44.8
41.2
49.9
Adequate plus
24.5
22.4
27.5
Previous preterm birth
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5951
Preterm birth
10.8
12.8
8.0
<.0001
Neighborhood-level characteristics
Community violence
<.0001
Quartile 1
34.7
24.9
48.6
Quartile 2
17.9
20.0
15.0
Quartile 3
30.1
33.2
25.7
Quartile 4
17.3
21.8
10.8
Female-headed household, % [mean (SD)]
41.9 (13.7)
46.3 (9.6)
35.6 (15.9)
<.0001
Poverty, % [mean (SD)]
25.3 (9.5)
27.4 (7.7)
22.4 (10.8)
<.0001
Black, % [mean (SD)]
56.5 (22.1)
63.8 (14.5)
46.1 (26.4)
<.0001
square testing for differences between paternity statuses. of prenatal care measured by Kotelchuck index. 1–4 indicate lowest to highest community violence rates. -test for difference in mean between paternity statuses.
