Study Site Risk Category Exposure factor AOR (95% CI; p-value if any) Source Dushanbe, Tajikistan Water storage and handling Unboiled water 6.5 (3.0 – 24.0; p < 0.05) [11 ] Food handling and consumption Eating food obtained from street vendor 2.9 (1.4 – 7.2; p < 0.05) Kathmandu, Nepal Socio-economic Household monthly income < US$125 2.55 (1.1 – 6.0; p < 0.05) [12 ] Hygiene & sanitary Household latrine 8.52 (1.8 – 40.1; p < 0.05) Water storage & handling Water stored after collection 3.09 (1.2 – 8.1; p < 0.05) Eaten street food < 2 weeks 2.34 (1.4 – 4.0; p < 0.05) West Bengal, India Food handling and consumption Food from sweet shop 6.2 (2.4 – 2.2) [19 ] Socio-economic Monthly family income < 1500 6 (1.3 – 26.8) INR (eqvt. US$ 34) Living condition Household > 4 members 4.2 (1.7 – 11.1) Living condition Anyone ill in neighborhood 2.5 (1.2–5.2) Food handling and consumption Eating of Paratha (flatbread in layers) 2.1 (0.87–5.3) Neapolitan Area, Italy Food handling and consumption Any raw Shellfish 13.3 (5.5 – 32.8; p < 0.05) [14 ] Food handling and consumption Raw Oysters 9.3 (1.7 – 67.3; p < 0.05) Food handling and consumption Raw Mussels 8.9 (3.9 – 21.1; p < 0.05) Food handling and consumption Raw Hen Clams 8.1 (2.8 – 23.7; p < 0.05) Food handling and consumption Raw Sea Truffles 6.4 (1.4 – 32.9; p < 0.05) Madaya Township, Myanmar Living condition Contact with typhoid patient 10.9 (2.0-79.7) [15 ] Son La Province, Northern Vietnam Socio-economic Being uneducated 2.0 (1.0 – 3.7; p = 0.03) [16 ] Living condition Contact with typhoid patient 3.3 (1.7 – 6.2; p < 0.05) Samarkand Oblast, Uzbekistan Socio-economic Student as primary occupation 4.0 (1.4 – 11.3; p < 0.05) [18 ] Taken antimicrobials in 2 weeks before illness onset 12.2 (4.0 – 37.0; p < 0.05) Darjeeling, West Bengal, India Food handling and consumption Eating raw cabbage 2.8 (1.7-4.8) [19 ] Water storage & handling Scooping water from a container with a cup 2.5 (1.3-4.7) Food handling and consumption Consumption of butter 2.3 (1.3-4.1) Food handling and consumption Consumption of Yoghurt 2.3 (1.4-3.7) Food handling and consumption Eating unwashed grapes 2.2 (1.3-4.0) Food handling and consumption Eating raw onion 2.1 (1.2-3.9) Food handling and consumption Eating raw carrot 2.1 (1.2-3.9) Dhaka slum, Kamalapur, Bangladesh Water storage & handling Consumption of foul-smelling water 7.4 (2.1 – 25.4; p = 0.002) [20 ] Food handling and consumption Consumption of unwashed Papaya 5.2 (1.2 – 22.2; p = 0.03) Karachi, Pakistan Taken antimicrobials in 2 weeks prior to illness 3.0 (1.4 – 6.5) [21 ] Food handling and consumption Eating at restaurant between July and August 2.7 (1.1-6.6; p = 0.01) Food handling and consumption Eating at road side cabin between July and August 2.4 (1.0-5.6; p = 0.03) Food handling and consumption Eating out >1 per week between July and August 2.3 (1.0-5.2; p = 0.02) Food handling and consumption Eating ice cream 1.7 (1.0-3.1; p = 0.03) Food handling and consumption Eating a commercial brand of ice cream 1.6 (1.0-2.9; p = 0.04) Semarang, Indonesia Hygiene & sanitation Never or sometimes washing hands before eating 3.97 1.22-12.93; p = 0.022) [22 ] Hygiene & sanitation Open sewage system or no drainage system in house 7.19 (1.33-38.82; p = 0.022) Socio-economic Being unemployed or part-time jobber 31.3 (3.08-317.4; p = 0.036) Mekong Delta, Vietnam Living condition Recent contact with typhoid fever case 4.3 (1.4-13.4; p = 0.04) [17 ] Socio-economic Low economic level 2.5 (1.3-5.1; p = 0.01) River Seine, Paris, France Eating chicken on boat 2.0 (0.3 – 13.7) [28 ] Eating rice on boat 2.9 (0.4 – 19.8) Eastern Kolkata, India Using latrine in-house latrine for defecation 5.32 (p = 0.9) [29 ] Karachi, Pakistan Living in densely populated area 2.43 (1.27 – 4.64; p = 0.01) [30 ]
