Assessment of Postpartum Depression and Anxiety among Females Attending Primary Health Care Facilities in Qaliubeya Governorate, Egypt
Table 2
Association between postpartum depression and anxiety and the studied variables.
Variable
Depression only (no. = 8)
Anxiety only (no. = 50)
Comorbid depression and anxiety (no. = 106)
Do not have depression or anxiety (no. = 336)
Fisher’s exact test
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
Age (mean ± SD)
24.8 ± 5.72
26.3 ± 5.13
26.9 ± 5.35
a25.1 ± 4.89
F = 3.57 (S)
Residence
Rural
1
12.5
9
18
22
20.8
65
19.4
0.2
Urban
6
75
27
54
54
50.9
211
62.8
Semiurban
1
12.5
14
28
30
283
60
17.9
Educational level
Read and write, primary
0
0
9
20
26
24.5
68
20.2
0.57
Preparatory and secondary
4
50
27
34
33
31.1
96
28.6
High
4
50
14
46
47
44.3
172
51.2
Number of months after the baby’s birth (mean ± SD)
3.25 ± 1.03
3.04 ± 1.01
2.9 ± 1
2.85 ± 1.03
F = 0.88
Number of family member
<5
3
37.5
19
38
39
36.8
102
30.4
0.46
≥5
5
62.5
31
62
67
63.2
234
69.6
Socioeconomic status
Very low
0
0
2
4
13
12.3
12
3.6
0.07
Low
8
100
42
84
84
79.3
286
85.1
Moderate
0
0
6
12
9
8.5
38
11.3
SE score (mean ± SD)
32.8 ± 5.84
32.9 ± 7.05
31.1 ± 7.84
a34.1 ± 6.7
F = 4.92 (S)
Gestational age (w) mean ± SD
34.25 ± 1.98
34.8 ± 1.76
34.7 ± 1.72
34.65 ± 2.52
F = 0.15
Mode of delivery
NVD
1
12.5
20
40
45
42.5
130
38.7
0.43
CS
7
87.5
30
60
61
57.6
206
61.3
Sex of the born child
Female
3
37.5
22
44
49
46.2
177
52.7
0.42
Male
5
62.5
28
56
57
53.8
159
47.3
Order of the born child
Median (IQR)
2 (1–3)
2 (1–3)
2 (1–3)
2 (1–3)
kw = 1.45
Iron pills given during pregnancy
No
0
0.0
7
14.0
12
11.3
39
11.7
0.85
Yes
8
100.0
43
86
94
88.7
295
88.3
Anemia during pregnancy
No
2
25.0
11
22
20
18.9
85
25.3
0.58
Yes
6
75.0
39
78
86
81.1
251
74.7
Past history of similar conditions
No
8
100.0
39
78.0
72
67.9
303
90.2
<0.001 (HS)
Yes
0
0.0
11
22.0
34
32.1
33
9.8
F: one way analysis of variance (ANOVA); kw: Kruskal–Wallis test; HS: highly significant; S: significant; a: significant difference compared to comorbid depression and anxiety.
