Parental Perceptions of Child’s Medical Care and Neighborhood and Child’s Behavioral Risk Factors for Obesity in U.S. Children by Body Mass Index Classification
Table 4
Odds ratio of children with zBMI scores ≥ 85th percentile (overweight/obese) for key sociodemographic, behavioral, and parental factors.
Variable
Parameter
Odds (95th CI)
Sex
Male
2.06 (1.64, 2.60)
<0.001
Female (reference)
1.00
—
Race/ethnicity
—
—
<0.001
Hispanic
1.49 (1.17, 1.90)
0.001
NHB
1.91 (1.55, 2.37)
<0.001
Other races
1.18 (0.92, 1.50)
0.191
NHW (reference)
1.00
Sex ∗ race/ethnicity
—
—
0.009
Male, Hispanic
0.90 (0.65, 1.24)
0.530
Male, NHB
0.63 (0.48, 0.83)
0.001
Male, other races
0.77 (0.54, 1.11)
0.159
NHW male and female all race/ethnicity (reference)
1.00
—
Age category (years)
—
—
<0.001
10–12
2.41 (1.96, 2.95)
<0.001
13–15
1.64 (1.33, 2.03)
<0.001
16-17 (reference)
1.00
—
Gender ∗ age category
—
—
0.040
Male, 10–12 years
0.74 (0.56, 0.97)
0.028
Male, 13–15 years
0.71 (0.53, 0.94)
0.017
Male 16-17 years (reference)
1.00
—
Family meals (times/week) on average
—
—
<0.001
0–3
0.73 (0.64, 0.84)
<0.001
4–6
0.83 (0.74, 0.94)
0.004
Every night (reference)
1.00
—
#Television (hours/day)
—
—
0.001
0–1
0.72 (0.61, 0.86)
<0.001
>1 to <4
0.84 (0.72, 0.99)
0.040
≥4 (reference)
1.00
—
Electronic devices
—
—
0.116
0–1
0.98 (0.80, 1.12)
0.529
>1 to <4
1.08 (0.92, 1.27)
0.361
4 or more (reference)
1.00
Adequate sleep
—
—
0.316
3 nights or less
1.15 (0.96, 1.39)
0.133
4–6 nights
1.03 (0.92, 1.16)
0.554
Every night (reference)
1.00
—
Second- or third-hand smoke±
No
0.78 (0.65, 0.93)
0.005
Yes (reference)
1.00
—
Physical activity (days/week)‡
—
—
<0.001
0
1.38 (1.13, 1.69)
0.002
1–3
1.41 (1.22, 1.62)
<0.001
4–6
1.25 (1.09, 1.43)
0.001
Every day (reference)
1.00
—
Poverty level (%FPL)
—
—
<0.001
0–99
2.11 (1.79, 2.48)
<0.001
100–199
1.68 (1.45, 1.96)
<0.001
200–399
1.31 (1.16, 1.48)
<0.001
400 and above (reference)
1.00
—
Supportive neighborhood
No
1.31 (1.12, 1.54)
0.001
Yes (reference)
1.00
—
Safe neighborhood
No
1.10 (0.91, 1.34)
0.326
Yes (reference)
1.00
—
Parks or playgrounds
No
1.02 (0.90, 1.15)
0.815
Yes (reference)
1.00
Preventive medical care
No
0.94 (0.82, 1.08)
0.400
Yes (1 year or more) (reference)
1.00
—
Insurance adequacy
Adequate
0.96 (0.86, 1.07)
0.466
Inadequate (reference)
1.00
—
zBMI = body mass index for age/sex; NHB = non-Hispanic Black; Other Race: Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, or mix races other than Hispanic; FPL = federal poverty level. Note. Analysis presented is the final complex logistic regression model with adequate model fit ().#Television was time spent watching television and videos or playing video games (on average per weekday). ±Smoke exposure was determined by affirmative response to “someone smokes in the house.” ‡Physical activity was considered times during the week that the child exercised, played a sport, or participateed in physical activity for at least 20 minutes that made (him/her) sweat and breathe hard? Supportive neighborhood was perceived by parents and based on NSCH derived from questions concerning cooperation and trust.
