Increased Outdoor PM_2.5 Concentration Is Associated with Moderate/Severe Anemia in Children Aged 6–59 Months in Lima, Peru

Table 1

Characteristics of the study population, 2012–2016.

Characteristics	No anemia	Mild anemia	Moderate/severe anemia
	(n = 84152)	(n = 42894)	(n = 12322)
Age (months)
6–11	31182 (37.1)	23799 (55.5)	7588 (61.6)
12–35	41869 (49.7)	17263 (40.2)	4426 (35.9)
36–59	11101 (13.2)	1832 (4.3)	308 (2.5)
Gender (%)
Male	41824 (49.7)	21899 (51.1)	6739 (54.7)
Female	42328 (50.3)	20995 (48.9)	5583 (45.3)
Weight (kg) (mean ± SD)	11.1 ± 2.96^a	9.96 ± 2.19	9.69 ± 2.01
Stunting (%)	3865 (4.59)^b	2015 (4.70)	652 (5.29)
Hemoglobin (g/dL) (mean ± SD)	11.75 ± 0.67^a	10.47 ± 0.30	9.39 ± 0.83
PM2.5 (μg/m^3) (mean ± SD)	23.8 ± 6.47^c	23.9 ± 6.41	24.0 ± 6.41
Poverty	17.5 ± 6.9^d	17.6 ± 6.8	17.5 ± 6.5

Values are frequencies and percentage (%) or mean ± SD. Comparison is between no anemia vs. mild and moderate/severe anemia. Chi-square test: , no anemia vs mild and moderate/severe anemia. ANOVA: , no anemia vs mild and moderate/severe anemia. Chi-square test: , no anemia vs moderate/severe anemia. Wilcoxon: , no anemia vs mild and moderate/severe anemia. ANOVA: , no anemia vs mild anemia.