Assessment of Levels, Speciation, and Toxicity of Trace Metal Contaminants in Selected Shallow Groundwater Sources, Surface Runoff, Wastewater, and Surface Water from Designated Streams in Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda

Table 10

Trace metal elements (µg/L) in surface water from selected streams and waterways in Lake Victoria basin, Uganda, compared with WHO guidelines [30] and Ugandan standards [28, 37].

Sampling site	WHO water guidelines
	B	Ni	Cu	Zn	As	Se	Cd	Ba	Pb
	2400	70	2000	4000	10	40	3	700	10
	Ugandan standards
	5000	1000	1000	5000	200	1000	100	10000	100
Lubigi stream	485	178.9	133.2	584.7	25.15	27.71	1.110	6227	97.7
Mulago stream	14	5.8	4.9	25.9	0.70	0.88	0.047	215.1	2.9
Nakivubo stream	32	10.9	10.9	66.2	1.0	1.19	0.255	181.9	10.9
Lugogo stream	18	6.9	3.3	15.7	0.88	1.02	0.024	218.7	0.9
Bugoloobi stream	199	126.8	38.4	506.8	6.11	16.46	2.307	2723.7	27.4
Kiteezi Landfill leachate	1338	271.2	119.6	248.3	23.32	71.37	1.143	214.5	99.3
Lugazi Steel Mills effluent	126	19.6	16.4	210.3	2.08	0.69	0.193	73.3	29.0
Jinja Landfill leachate	953	104.7	74.1	241.1	11.98	25.62	0.436	186.3	29.7
Jinja Steel Mills effluent	29	6.2	1.0	4.9	0.46	2.55	0.030	104.8	0.3
Jinja Walukuba effluent	10	0.9	0.5	6.1	0.21	0.21	0.004	30.2	1.0
River Mpanga	11	5.5	1.8	15.2	0.38	0.47	0.477	341.7	5.1
Kibenge Hot Springs	296	9.1	7.6	12.8	2.96	23.18	0.136	25.8	2.0
River Nyamwamba	7.5	18.0	172.7	24.2	0.27	0.29	0.188	28.6	2.3
Kilembe Mines effluent	6.8	90.0	1604	53.4	2.03	0.60	0.445	31.0	2.6
Kitagata Hot Springs	375	2.4	3.6	21.5	0.82	2.60	0.471	36.8	4.9