Assessment of Levels, Speciation, and Toxicity of Trace Metal Contaminants in Selected Shallow Groundwater Sources, Surface Runoff, Wastewater, and Surface Water from Designated Streams in Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda

Table 2

Major elements (mg/L) in water from selected protected springs in Kampala city (, ±standard deviation) compared with WHO guideline values and the Ugandan standards [28, 30].

WHO guideline values	Na	Mg	Al	K	Ca	Cr	Mn	Fe
	200	100	0.2	10	200	0.05	0.4	0.3
Ugandan standards	200	50	0.1	—	75	0.05	0.1	0.3
Sample site
Nakawa division
Nabuze	23 ± 0.3	4.7 ± 1.2	0.002	3.6 ± 0.4	11.6 ± 1.3	0.051 ± 0.004	0.14 ± 0.01	0.3 ± 0.01
Katarina	14 ± 0.6	2.2 ± 0.7	0.002	4.4 ± 0.5	6.7 ± 0.8	0.020 ± 0.006	0.02 ± 0.01	0.2 ± 0.01
Buwooya	10 ± 1.5	1.8 ± 0.2	0.191	3.6 ± 0.3	5.7 ± 1.5	0.021 ± 0.003	0.02 ± 0.01	0.7 ± 0.03
Bukoto 1	10 ± 1.2	1.3 ± 0.3	0.098	2.6 ± 0.2	4.9 ± 1.0	0.012 ± 0.007	0.06 ± 0.02	0.5 ± 0.02
Bukoto 2	23 ± 1.2	2.0 ± 0.4	0.360	5.7 ± 0.5	9.2 ± 1.3	0.011 ± 0.004	0.24 ± 0.01	0.7 ± 0.02
Kawempe division
Nabukalu	37 ± 1.9	4.1 ± 0.4	0.012	8.3 ± 0.5	13.5 ± 1.0	0.007 ± 0.006	0.33 ± 0.01	0.3 ± 0.02
Abdu	61 ± 2.3	6.5 ± 0.6	0.167	17.2 ± 1.0	21.4 ± 2.1	0.007 ± 0.005	1.14 ± 0.02	0.4 ± 0.01
SP4306K	40 ± 3.0	4.4 ± 0.8	0.001	15.1 ± 1.3	17.1 ± 1.2	0.007 ± 0.007	0.84 ± 0.02	0.3 ± 0.02
Kikoni	20 ± 2.9	3.1 ± 0.7	0.001	4.9 ± 0.6	11.1 ± 0.6	0.006 ± 0.001	0.62 ± 0.03	0.2 ± 0.01
Rubaga division
SP1414R	31 ± 2.5	4.1 ± 0.2	0.001	6.5 ± 0.5	12.0 ± 1.3	0.008 ± 0.002	0.24 ± 0.02	0.2 ± 0.01
Sentamu	27 ± 2.6	3.8 ± 0.1	0.001	7.9 ± 0.6	13.0 ± 1.1	0.007 ± 0.001	0.24 ± 0.01	0.2 ± 0.01
Kunnya	23 ± 2.2	1.9 ± 0.1	0.107	8.6 ± 0.3	8.3 ± 0.4	0.006 ± 0.002	0.28 ± 0.04	0.4 ± 0.02
SP1212R	22 ± 1.7	3.7 ± 0.2	0.001	8.3 ± 0.5	11.0 ± 0.5	0.005 ± 0.002	0.14 ± 0.02	0.1 ± 0.03
Kibumbiro	23 ± 1.8	2.7 ± 0.3	0.299	5.7 ± 0.4	11.2 ± 0.3	0.006 ± 0.001	0.78 ± 0.02	0.7 ± 0.02
Kabaale	19 ± 1.3	3.2 ± 0.4	0.169	7.6 ± 0.2	14.3 ± 0.3	0.007 ± 0.003	0.09 ± 0.01	0.5 ± 0.03
Nababirye	8.0 ± 0.2	2.4 ± 0.2	0.002	4.2 ± 0.1	7.1 ± 0.1	0.010 ± 0.002	0.02 ± 0.01	1.9 ± 0.05
SP1010R	35 ± 1.9	4.2 ± 0.3	0.002	9.7 ± 0.4	12.7 ± 0.4	0.005 ± 0.001	0.53 ± 0.02	0.2 ± 0.03
Makindye division
Nsambya	45.8 ± 2.3	4.4 ± 0.2	0.002	11.1 ± 0.6	14.7 ± 0.3	0.005 ± 0.003	0.58 ± 0.01	0.2 ± 0.02
Kapeke	66.4 ± 3.3	4.9 ± 0.1	0.015	12.2 ± 0.2	17.2 ± 0.2	0.005 ± 0.002	1.20 ± 0.02	0.2 ± 0.05
Yusuf	23.2 ± 1.1	2.8 ± 0.1	0.001	7.4 ± 0.5	11.7 ± 0.1	0.005 ± 0.001	0.09 ± 0.01	0.4 ± 0.06
Kasanvu	21.0 ± 1.3	4.0 ± 0.2	0.001	5.2 ± 0.1	18.7 ± 0.3	0.005 ± 0.002	0.02 ± 0.00	0.2 ± 0.02
Central division
Nabagereka	43.7 ± 2.3	5.3 ± 0.2	0.150	15.1 ± 0.4	23.5 ± 0.1	0.006 ± 0.002	0.74 ± 0.01	0.5 ± 0.02
Barracks	25.1 ± 1.2	4.6 ± 0.3	0.001	5.9 ± 0.1	20.2 ± 0.1	0.006 ± 0.001	0.04 ± 0.00	0.2 ± 0.01
SP5003C	37.5 ± 2.4	5.1 ± 0.1	0.101	14.9 ± 0.3	17.3 ± 0.2	0.007 ± 0.001	0.27 ± 0.01	0.4 ± 0.03