Safety of Drinking Water from Primary Water Sources and Implications for the General Public in Uganda

Table 3

Estimated daily intake of heavy metals in drinking water amongst Ugandans.

Heavy metals in drinking water		Children	Adults	values
		Mean ± SEM ppm/day
Borehole water
Fe	7	0.03413 ± 0.01893	0.01463 ± 0.008111	0.3708
Cu	7	0.001057 ± 0.0003856	0.0004531 ± 0.0001652	0.1872
Zn	7	0.0009667 ± 0.0001159	0.0004143 ± 0.0000497	0.002259
Pb	7	0.0016190 ± 0.0004330	0.0006939 ± 0.0001856	0.08453
Cd	7	0.0002476 ± 0.0000280	0.0001061 ± 0.0000120	0.001598
Bottled water
Fe	1	NC	NC	NC
Cu	6	3.221E − 04 ± 9.651E − 05	1.381E − 04 ± 4.137E − 05	0.4137
Zn	7	4.349E − 03 ± 3.052E − 03	1.864E − 03 ± 1.308E − 03	0.4754
Pb	7	1.524E − 03 ± 2.804E − 04	6.530E − 04 ± 1.201E − 04	0.02100
Cd	7	2.667E − 04 ± 2.057E − 05	1.143E − 04 ± 8.817E − 06	0.0001267
Open well
Fe	8	0.05228 ± 0.03212	0.0224 ± 0.01377	0.7155
Cu	7	0.00041 ± 0.000059	0.000176 ± 0.0000253	0.006336
Zn	8	0.000356 ± 0.0000575	0.000153 ± 0.0000246	0.009231
Pb	6	0.001889 ± 0.000362	0.00081 ± 0.000155	0.02975
Cd	8	0.000275 ± 0.0000197	0.000118 ± 0.00000844	0.00003289
Spring water
Fe	2	0.0007 ± 0.0003	0.0003 ± 0.000129	0.3918
Cu	7	0.000505 ± 0.000253	0.000216 ± 0.000108	0.3244
Zn	10	0.001917 ± 0.001086	0.000822 ± 0.000465	0.3718
Pb	9	0.001259 ± 0.000234	0.00054 ± 0.0001	0.01678
Cd	10	0.000267 ± 1.4E − 05	0.000114 ± 6.04E − 06	0.0000003236
Tap water
Fe	6	0.01521 ± 0.01146	0.006519 ± 0.004912	0.5090
Cu	7	0.003581 ± 0.001917	0.001535 ± 0.000822	0.3549
Zn	8	0.02978 ± 0.02005	0.01276 ± 0.008594	0.4544
Pb	6	0.001556 ± 0.000222	0.000667 ± 9.52E − 05	0.008360
Cd	8	0.000283 ± 2.09E − 05	0.000121 ± 8.95E − 06	0.00004217