Research Article

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Air Pollution in Accra, Ghana: A Critical Survey

Table 1

Demographic characteristics of respondents.

Variable (n = 1404)Male N (%)Female N (%)Total N (%)Significance level

Age (years)
 ≤29260 (18.5)378 (26.9)638 (45.4)X2 = 18.501
 30–40206 (14.7)172 (12.3)378 (26.9)
 41–50113 (8.0)140 (10.0)253 (18.0)df = 4
 51–6045 (3.2)49 (3.5)94 (6.7)
 ≥6120 (1.4)21 (1.5)41 (2.9)
 Total644 (45.9)760 (54.1)1404 (100)

Religion
 Christian509 (36.3)633 (45.1)1142 (81.3)X2 = 20.875
 Islam115 (8.2)93 (6.6)208 (14.8)
 Traditionalist10 (0.7)31 (2.2)41 (2.9)df = 3
 Total644 (45.9)760 (54.1)1404 (100)

Ethnicity
 Akan264 (18.8)362 (25.8)626 (44.6)X2 = 39.272
 Ga-Adangbe114 (8.1)184 (13.1)298 (21.2)
 Mole-Dagbon7 (0.5)10 (0.7)17 (1.2)df = 4
 Ewe73 (5.2)86 (6.1)159 (11.3)
 Others186 (13.2)118 (8.4)304 (21.7)
 Total664 (45.9)760 (54.1)1404 (100)

Marital status
 Single321 (22.9)429 (30.6)750 (53.4)X2 = 11.807
 Married296 (21.1)286 (20.4)582 (41.5)
 Divorced20 (1.4)38 (2.7)58 (4.1)df = 3
 Widow/widower7 (0.5)7 (0.5)14 (1.0)
 Total644 (45.9)760 (54.1)1404 (100)

Education
 No formal7 (0.5)28 (2.0)35 (2.5)X2 = 9.675
 JHS/SHS69 (4.9)79 (5.6)148 (10.5)
 Tertiary568 (40.5)653 (46.5)1221 (87.0)df = 2
 Total644 (45.9)760 (54.1)1404 (100)

Social status
 Upper class135 (9.6)199 (14.2)334 (23.8)X2 = 7.951
 Middle class478 (34.0)512 (36.5)990 (70.5)
 Lower class31 (2.2)49 (3.5)80 (5.7)df = 2
 Total644 (45.9)760 (54.1)1404 (100)

Residence
 Rural67 (4.8)36 (2.6)103 (7.3)X2 = 16.468
 Urban577 (41.1)724 (51.6)1301 (92.7)
 Total644 (45.9)760 (54.1)1404 (100)df = 1

Length of stay in residence (years)
 ≤ 3172 (12.3)206 (14.7)378 (26.9)X2 = 13.314
 4–6114 (8.1)126 (9.0)240 (17.1)
 7–981 (5.8)55 (3.9)136 (9.7)df = 3
 ≥10277 (19.7)373 (26.6)650 (46.3)
 Total644 (45.9)760 (54.1)1404 (100)