Quality and Safety of Rural Community Drinking Water Sources in Guto Gida District, Oromia, Ethiopia
Table 9
Chemical characteristics of protected springs serving as water sources for the rural communities in the Guto Gida district.
Sampling site
Iron (mg/L)
Fluoride (mg/L)
Manganese (mg/L)
Nitrate (mg/L)
Sulphate (mg/L)
Zinc (mg/L)
Lead (mg/L)
Phosphate (mg/L)
D1
0.53 ± 0.17abc
0.50 ± 0.33abc
0.56 ± 0.60ab
8.42 ± 1.61c
45 ± 13.8b
3.40 ± 0.79ab
0.02 ± 0.02b
0.70 ± 1.12a
D2
0.40 ± 0.49bc
0.60 ± 0.54abc
0.47 ± 0.47ab
11.3 ± 4.46abc
55.7 ± 16.8ab
1.89 ± 0.48bcd
0.01 ± 0.02b
0.62 ± 0.44a
J1
0.86 ± 0.18ab
0.98 ± 0.29ab
0.38 ± 0.05ab
18.19 ± 5.35abc
84.3 ± 9.7a
1.27 ± 0.67cd
0.01 ± 0.01b
1.10 ± 0.86a
J2
0.36 ± 0.25bc
0.56 ± 0.23abc
0.38 ± 0.14ab
9.64 ± 1.59bc
63.7 ± 5.0b
3.9 ± 2.02a
0.11 ± 0.10ab
0.14 ± 0.12a
K1
0.98 ± 0.21a
1.14 ± 0.15a
0.99 ± 0.01a
16.9 ± 3.45ab
85 ± 12.8a
2.53 ± 0.61abc
0.18 ± 0.20a
0.71 ± 0.09a
K2
0.88 ± 0.40ab
0.13 ± 0.06c
0.16 ± 0.10b
8.60 ± 0.44bc
33.3 ± 2.5b
2.0 ± 0.20bcd
0.00 ± 0.01b
0.78 ± 0.21a
S1
0.25 ± 0.37c
0.34 ± 0.54bc
0.51 ± 0.47ab
12.0 ± 6.5abc
39 ± 29.5b
2.17 ± 0.91bcd
0.01 ± 0.01b
0.59 ± 0.46a
S2
0.16 ± 0.08c
0.81 ± 0.44abc
0.64 ± 0.39ab
15.3 ± 6.5abc
66.0 ± 26.0ab
0.50 ± 0.34d
0.00 ± 0.01b
1.11 ± 0.25a
Data are average of triplicates; SE: standard error; numbers indicated by the same letter superscripts within the same column do not vary significantly by Duncan’s multiple range test at ; D1: Dalo; J: Jato; K: Kumsa Moroda; S1: Sorga site 1; S2: Sorga site 2.