Prevalence and Social and Built Environmental Determinants of Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity in 68 Major Metropolitan Cities of the United States, 2013–2016

Table 1

Observed prevalence and logistic regressions showing unadjusted and adjusted differentials in prepregnancy obesity (BMI ≥30) among women in 68 major cities and by selected socidemographic characteristics, United States, 2013–2016 (N = 3,083,600).

Covariate	Number of births	Prevalence percentage	Prevalence ratio	Model 1^1			Model 2^2			Covariate-adjusted
				OR	95%	CI	OR	95%	CI	Prevalence	SE
City of residence
Albuquerque, NM	28,367	22.79	2.19	2.54	2.43	2.66	1.35	1.29	1.41	20.90	0.23
Anaheim, CA	18,327	25.05	2.41	2.88	2.74	3.02	1.74	1.66	1.83	25.17	0.31
Anchorage, AK	18,137	26.62	2.56	3.12	2.97	3.28	2.30	2.19	2.42	30.28	0.35
Arlington, TX	22,310	26.68	2.56	3.13	2.99	3.28	1.83	1.75	1.92	26.08	0.28
Atlanta, GA	30,536	24.52	2.36	2.80	2.68	2.92	1.52	1.45	1.59	22.81	0.23
Aurora, CO	21,681	24.87	2.39	2.85	2.72	2.99	1.81	1.72	1.89	25.79	0.29
Austin, TX	56,870	18.98	1.82	2.02	1.94	2.10	1.35	1.29	1.41	20.96	0.17
Baltimore, MD	33,685	31.15	2.99	3.89	3.73	4.06	1.88	1.80	1.97	26.52	0.22
Birmingham, AL	13,101	28.94	2.78	3.50	3.33	3.69	1.68	1.59	1.77	24.49	0.34
Boston, MA	28,857	18.58	1.78	1.96	1.87	2.06	1.38	1.31	1.45	21.29	0.24
Buffalo, NY	14,092	32.44	3.12	4.13	3.93	4.34	2.29	2.17	2.41	30.17	0.37
Charlotte, NC	48,354	22.45	2.16	2.49	2.39	2.60	1.52	1.46	1.59	22.89	0.19
Chicago, IL	1,42,016	25.55	2.45	2.95	2.85	3.06	1.70	1.64	1.77	24.68	0.11
Cincinnati, OH	26,312	27.46	2.64	3.26	3.11	3.40	1.78	1.70	1.86	25.49	0.26
Cleveland, OH	22,632	33.81	3.25	4.39	4.20	4.60	2.01	1.91	2.10	27.69	0.28
Colorado Springs, CO	27,959	23.01	2.21	2.57	2.46	2.69	1.75	1.67	1.84	25.29	0.26
Columbus, OH	47,133	25.14	2.41	2.89	2.77	3.01	1.79	1.72	1.87	25.64	0.20
Corpus Christi, TX	17,972	29.93	2.88	3.67	3.50	3.85	1.78	1.69	1.87	25.54	0.30
Dallas, TX	86,638	16.97	1.63	1.76	1.69	1.83	0.96	0.92	1.00	16.09	0.12
Denver, CO	38,746	19.39	1.86	2.07	1.98	2.16	1.40	1.34	1.46	21.52	0.21
Detroit, MI	34,939	36.59	3.51	4.96	4.76	5.17	1.86	1.78	1.94	26.33	0.21
El Paso, TX	48,031	24.11	2.32	2.73	2.62	2.85	1.40	1.34	1.46	21.53	0.18
Fort Worth, TX	52,726	26.65	2.56	3.13	3.00	3.25	1.78	1.71	1.86	25.59	0.18
Fresno, CA	38,564	31.61	3.04	3.98	3.82	4.14	2.17	2.08	2.27	29.21	0.22
Houston, TX	2,03,061	24.50	2.35	2.79	2.69	2.90	1.59	1.53	1.65	23.59	0.09
Indianapolis, IN	13,598	29.50	2.83	3.60	3.42	3.79	2.22	2.10	2.34	29.59	0.38
Jacksonville, FL	42,901	28.20	2.71	3.38	3.24	3.52	1.92	1.84	2.01	26.92	0.21
Kansas City, MO	27,763	25.87	2.49	3.00	2.87	3.14	1.77	1.70	1.86	25.48	0.25
Las Vegas, NV	78,005	22.86	2.20	2.55	2.45	2.65	1.46	1.40	1.52	22.18	0.14
Lexington, KY	16,130	23.55	2.26	2.65	2.52	2.79	1.97	1.87	2.07	27.36	0.36
Long Beach, CA	22,757	24.95	2.40	2.86	2.73	3.00	1.60	1.53	1.68	23.73	0.27
Los Angeles, CA	1,91,719	22.94	2.20	2.56	2.47	2.66	1.48	1.42	1.54	22.41	0.09
Louisville, KY	9,298	26.09	2.51	3.04	2.87	3.22	2.04	1.93	2.17	28.06	0.46
Memphis, TN	38,585	30.46	2.93	3.77	3.62	3.93	1.61	1.54	1.68	23.63	0.20
Mesa, AZ	21,316	25.10	2.41	2.88	2.75	3.02	1.74	1.66	1.83	25.18	0.29
Miami, FL	41,988	20.51	1.97	2.22	2.13	2.32	1.17	1.12	1.22	18.79	0.18
Milwaukee, MN	38,050	33.78	3.24	4.39	4.21	4.57	2.11	2.02	2.20	28.63	0.22
Minneapolis, MN	23,127	22.89	2.20	2.55	2.44	2.68	1.72	1.64	1.80	24.93	0.28
Nashville, TN	9,457	22.77	2.19	2.54	2.39	2.69	1.65	1.55	1.75	24.20	0.43
New Orleans, LA	19,446	25.76	2.47	2.98	2.85	3.13	1.39	1.32	1.46	21.36	0.27
New York, NY	4,61,957	17.52	1.68	1.83	1.76	1.89	1.28	1.23	1.33	20.12	0.06
Newark, NJ	6,704	30.70	2.95	3.81	3.58	4.06	1.75	1.64	1.87	25.26	0.48
Norfolk, VA	13,782	27.54	2.65	3.27	3.11	3.44	1.71	1.63	1.81	24.88	0.35
Oakland, CA	19,840	21.33	2.05	2.33	2.22	2.45	1.52	1.45	1.60	22.90	0.29
Oklahoma City, OK	33,818	28.93	2.78	3.50	3.36	3.65	2.11	2.02	2.20	28.64	0.24
Omaha, NE	29,659	24.52	2.36	2.79	2.67	2.92	1.91	1.82	2.00	26.78	0.26
Philadelphia, PA	84,625	26.45	2.54	3.09	2.98	3.22	1.62	1.56	1.69	23.94	0.14
Phoenix, AZ	64,541	26.57	2.55	3.11	2.99	3.24	1.75	1.68	1.82	25.20	0.16
Pittsburgh, PA	7,464	23.08	2.22	2.58	2.42	2.75	1.60	1.50	1.71	23.69	0.49
Portland, OR	34,291	18.28	1.76	1.92	1.84	2.01	1.57	1.50	1.64	23.36	0.24
Raleigh, NC	23,905	22.17	2.13	2.45	2.34	2.57	1.59	1.52	1.67	23.61	0.27
Riverside, CA	22,451	27.93	2.68	3.33	3.19	3.49	1.74	1.66	1.82	25.15	0.27
Sacramento, CA	42,381	27.05	2.60	3.19	3.06	3.32	2.04	1.96	2.13	28.06	0.22
San Antonio, TX	94,710	29.81	2.86	3.65	3.52	3.79	1.83	1.76	1.91	26.06	0.13
San Diego, CA	74,081	17.40	1.67	1.81	1.74	1.89	1.32	1.27	1.38	20.63	0.15
San Francisco, CA	33,170	10.41	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		16.67	0.24
San Jose, CA	51,265	19.76	1.90	2.12	2.03	2.21	1.74	1.67	1.81	25.13	0.20
St Louis, MO	17,938	26.20	2.52	3.05	2.91	3.21	1.56	1.48	1.64	23.24	0.30
St Paul, MN	19,195	25.77	2.48	2.99	2.85	3.13	2.29	2.18	2.40	30.18	0.33
Tampa, FL	36,636	20.85	2.00	2.27	2.17	2.37	1.30	1.24	1.36	20.34	0.20
Toledo, OH	16,550	30.60	2.94	3.79	3.62	3.98	2.06	1.96	2.16	28.16	0.34
Tulsa, OK	24,925	27.59	2.65	3.28	3.13	3.43	2.01	1.91	2.10	27.69	0.28
Tucson, AZ	26,507	27.31	2.62	3.23	3.09	3.38	1.80	1.72	1.88	25.73	0.25
Virginia Beach, VA	18,548	23.20	2.23	2.60	2.47	2.73	1.73	1.64	1.82	25.00	0.32
Washington, DC	36,486	20.47	1.97	2.21	2.12	2.31	1.24	1.18	1.30	19.65	0.20
Wichita, KS	23,816	27.94	2.68	3.34	3.19	3.49	2.22	2.12	2.32	29.60	0.29
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	999736	16.63	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		16.65	0.04
Non-Hispanic Black	702024	33.43	2.01	2.52	2.50	2.54	2.19	2.17	2.21	29.68	0.06
American Indian/AN	15818	34.08	2.05	2.59	2.51	2.68	1.80	1.74	1.87	25.99	0.32
Asian/Pacific Islander	294256	8.72	0.52	0.48	0.47	0.49	0.70	0.69	0.71	12.32	0.07
Hispanic	1071766	27.18	1.63	1.87	1.86	1.88	1.98	1.96	2.00	27.74	0.05
Maternal age (years)
<20	1,97,009	15.98	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		12.16	0.07
20–24	6,52,210	24.47	1.53	1.70	1.68	1.73	1.80	1.77	1.82	19.39	0.05
25–29	8,29,530	25.53	1.60	1.80	1.78	1.83	2.51	2.47	2.55	24.65	0.05
30–34	8,44,263	22.34	1.40	1.51	1.49	1.53	2.80	2.76	2.84	26.56	0.05
35–39	4,48,109	23.19	1.45	1.59	1.57	1.61	3.14	3.09	3.19	28.65	0.07
40–44	1,04,105	24.94	1.56	1.75	1.72	1.78	3.50	3.42	3.57	30.66	0.15
≥45	8,374	22.14	1.39	1.50	1.42	1.58	3.45	3.26	3.65	30.40	0.53
Parity
0	12,49,953	18.07	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		21.02	0.04
1	9,29,988	23.18	1.289	1.36	1.35	1.37	1.17	1.17	1.18	23.66	0.04
2	4,92,818	28.65	1.599	1.81	1.80	1.82	1.28	1.27	1.30	25.20	0.06
3	2,23,547	33.1	1.839	2.23	2.21	2.25	1.39	1.38	1.41	26.63	0.09
≥4	1,75,646	36.08	2.009	2.55	2.52	2.57	1.43	1.41	1.45	27.11	0.10
Marital status
Married	16,62,235	19.55	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		22.98	0.04
Unmarried	14,21,365	28.02	1.43	1.60	1.59	1.61	1.06	1.05	1.06	23.89	0.04
Nativity/immigrant status
US-born	20,49,036	26.37	1.50	1.68	1.67	1.69	1.85	1.83	1.86	26.74	0.03
Foreign-born	10,25,745	17.62	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		17.06	0.04
Maternal education (years)
<12	5,86,501	25.97	1.94	2.26	2.24	2.28	1.97	1.94	1.99	25.97	0.06
12	7,63,417	27.65	2.06	2.47	2.45	2.49	2.00	1.98	2.02	26.31	0.05
13–15	7,74,645	29.39	2.19	2.69	2.67	2.71	2.05	2.04	2.07	26.79	0.05
≥16	9,18,396	13.42	1.00	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		15.60	0.05

OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; AN = Alaska Native. Statistically significant at . ¹Unadjusted for covariates. ²Adjusted for city of residence, race/ethnicity, maternal age, parity, marital status, nativity, and maternal education. Source: data derived from the 2013–2016 US National Natality data files.