The Relationship between Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life (HINT-Eight) in Middle-Aged Korean Women

Lee, Myung-Nam; Kim, Sang-Dol; Choi, Young-Soon

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4555547

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

On this page

Abstract Introduction Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Exercise-based Health Management Systems

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 4555547 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4555547

The Relationship between Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life (HINT-Eight) in Middle-Aged Korean Women

Myung-Nam Lee,¹Sang-Dol Kim,¹and Young-Soon Choi¹

Academic Editor: Hye-jin Kim

Received25 May 2022

Revised15 Jun 2022

Accepted22 Sept 2022

Published04 Oct 2022

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on health by examining the effect of HINT-eight on the physical activity of middle-aged Korean women using secondary data from the 2019 KNHANES. The subjects were 1,428 middle-aged women aged 45-64. Multiple regression was performed to verify the relationship between physical activity and HINT-eight. Following confirmation of the association between HINT-eight and physical activity, it was found that the subdomains of QOL, such as stair climbing, vitality, work, sleeping, and happiness, were connected to physical activity. Stair climbing positively affected physical activity, education level, and grip strength and negatively affected age. Pain positively affected education level and grip strength and negatively affected age. Vitality positively affected physical activity, monthly household income, and grip strength. Working positively affected education level, monthly household income, and grip strength and negatively affected age. Depression positively affected monthly household income. Memory and sleep positively affected education level and negative effect on age. Happiness positively affected physical activity and monthly household income. In this study, physical activity was found to have an effect on various factors of QOL. Physical activity in middle age is an important influencing factor on the QOL in old age; to improve the QOL in older adult, it is necessary to make efforts to improve physical activity in middle age.

1. Introduction

Middle-aged women are defined by the complex interaction of environmental and psychological factors, and they may be classified as middle-aged women who connect a stable life process from adulthood to just before the onset of old age [1]. Since the definition of the middle-aged class is different for each scholar, it is not easy to distinguish them academically. Middle-aged was defined as a woman between the ages of 45 and 64, who showed a tendency toward menopause and aging due to physical decline in all organs and hormonal changes, and was sensitive to physical changes [2]. Middle-aged is a physiological transition period for women to experience various physical and mental health problems and various syndromes due to menopause [3]. During that time, middle-aged women face a loss in physiological functioning, aging, and menopause and obesity and body imbalances owing to an increase in body weight and abdominal fat. In addition, a decrease in bone density in the bone causes osteoporosis and fractures. Hormonal changes due to imbalance of the endocrine system and ataxia of the autonomic nervous system due to mental stress cause symptoms such as fever, sweating, chills, dull sensation, cold hands and feet, palpitations, and headaches [3]. Moreover, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and syncope appear irregularly, and atrophic cystitis and urinary incontinence due to degenerative changes in the genitourinary system occur frequently. Following physical health issues, individuals may endure emotional issues such as depression, loneliness, and feelings of failure [3]. Middle-aged women are reported to have higher morbidity than men in inducing health problems due to neglect of health care because role conflicts and various life events are affecting their psychological adaptation ability due to psychological and social role changes [4]. Furthermore, antioxidant enzyme activity and aging are known to be intimately associated because the rapid loss in antioxidant enzymes with age reduces the ability to respond to free radicals or lipid peroxides, and the organs and cells gradually diminish [5]. Obesity, which is one of the causes of various diseases, is caused by the influence of lack of physical activity or excessive intake and genetic factors. It also refers to a condition in which the body accumulates an excess of fat as a result of an imbalance between the amount of energy used and the amount of energy consumed [6]. This can be addressed by increasing physical activity.

Regular exercise is the best way to prevent diseases by preventing an increase in body fat percentage and a decrease in muscle mass in middle-aged and by activating the energy metabolism function of the muscles. Accordingly, interest in the necessity of exercise therapy and specific methods is gradually increasing [7]. Despite the scientific and empirical recognition that regular exercise for middle-aged women can improve their health, 63.1% of middle-aged women do not exercise regularly [8]. Among these health promotion activities performed by middle-aged women, the exercise area has the lowest practice rate [9]. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors affecting the quality of life (QOL) of physical activity to increase the practice of physical activity among middle-aged women. For many years, exercise and physical activity has been proposed as a treatment option and has attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians [10, 11]. Studies have shown that more moderate exercise habits are correlated with lower levels of depressive symptoms and higher levels of mental health [12, 13], appearing to improve QOL.

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data on health by examining the effects of physical activity on health-related quality of life (HINT-eight) in middle-aged Korean women. The specific goals are as follows. Check the difference between the general characteristics and HINT-eight according to physical activity. Check the relationship between physical activity and HINT-eight and identify the factors affecting HINT-eight.

2. Theoretical Background

Physical activity refers to any movement of the body that result in a significant increase in energy expenditure through the contraction of skeletal muscles in everyday life; including regular exercise that demands energy consumption above a steady state [14, 15]. It has been reported that a decrease in physical activity lowers the level of muscle strength and cardiopulmonary function, thereby increasing the incidence of metabolic syndrome and affecting the incidence of adult diseases such as hypertension and diabetes [16]. The word aerobic exercise means that energy was produced using oxygen during exercise. Aerobic exercise maintains human life by continuously taking in oxygen from the body, and when it stimulates the activity of the heart and lungs, it has the effect of strengthening blood vessels and facilitating all functions in the body normally [17]. According to the guidelines of the recommended guidelines for physical activity recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) [18], at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes or more of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise is recommended for a healthy life [19]. Aerobic exercise effectively improves the risk of arteriosclerosis and blood lipids, and it is essential for preventing obesity-related diseases by boosting energy metabolism with fat to inhibit and utilize fat tissue buildup caused by obesity. The composition of aerobic exercise can be configured to improve cardiorespiratory function and increase maximum oxygen intake [19].

Physical activity through exercise is a safe and cost-effective technique for lowering blood pressure and other cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In particular, the postexercise hypotension (PEH) response that appears in the recovery period after exercise is a phenomenon in which blood pressure continues to decrease after a one-time exercise. It is expressed in a complex way under the influence of environmental factors along with various neurological and hemodynamic changes such as baroreflex regulation, decreased sympathetic nerve activity, increased vasodilation, decreased vascular resistance, and fluid regulation [20]. Various studies have shown that exercise and physical activity can reduce somatic symptoms, for example, by improving sleep [21] and sexual function [22]. Reducing affective and cognitive symptoms can also be achieved by reducing stress [23], improving and expanding coping methods [24], and increasing positive emotions [25]. Accordingly, it seems that exercise and physical activity can improve affective by enhancing positive emotions [26].

Health management is the most important thing in extending the life facing, and in modern life, weight gain and loss of physical strength are progressing due to lack of exercise. Therefore, it is necessary for middle-aged women to promote health through active physical activities such as exercise and sports [27]. As interest in obesity expands, studies are being reported that regular exercise can reduce obesity. Obesity can be overcome by engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least three times per week for at least 30 minutes each day [28]. Recently, in evaluating an individual’s health, it is not simply a disease-free state, but rather an individual’s physical health, social and psychological functions, and overall health including role are emphasized [29]. When considered as representing the degree of human well-being and well-being, QOL is a subjective value assessment that an individual feels in everyday life and is represented as life satisfaction or happiness [30].

Although it is not easy for middle-aged women to adapt physically, mentally, and socially, it can depend on how they accept their changes [31]. The QOL of middle-aged women can be said to be the degree of subjective satisfaction experienced in relation to menopausal symptoms. Therefore, the more the symptoms of menopause are experienced and severe, the longer the QOL decreases, and therefore, the more experienced the more severe, and the longer the menopausal symptoms, the lower the QOL [31]. As a result, middle-aged women are experiencing quick and diversified psychological changes, which can be viewed as a crisis in terms of health management, whereas health promotion habits in other areas are being adopted relatively [9]. Therefore, it is reported that middle-aged women who are in a crisis of health undergo rapid changes, even though it is a time when health promotion should be specially emphasized, while the exercise practice rate is reported to be quite low. In the middle-aged, when the prevalence of various health problems and chronic diseases is increasing, it is important to maintain and promote health through daily life to secure a healthy lifespan [9].

In Korea, there have been few cases in which HRQOL tools for the general population have been developed, and the tools developed in the past National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey had a large number of items, so it was difficult to use them for the entire population. In addition, in the case of tools developed abroad, there may be limitations in sufficiently reflecting the HRQOL of Koreans, so HINT-8 was developed [32]. Indirect measurement tools for measuring HRQOL include EQ-five D, SF-36, and HUI. As direct measurement tools, EQ-VAS (Visual Analog Scale), Standard gamble, and Time trade-off are used. Among them, EQ-five D-three L has the advantage of simple questions and short survey time, so it is widely used as a national survey tool such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Community Health Survey, and Korea Medical Panel Survey [23, 32, 33]. However, EQ-five D is a tool developed in Europe, suggesting that EQ-five D may not reflect the unique characteristics of each country [32, 34]. Korean Health-related Quality of Life Instrument with eight items (HINT-eight) was developed with the goal of more accurately measuring health-related quality of life (HRQOL) suitable for the characteristics of Koreans. It consists of four domains (physical health domain, social health domain, mental health domain, and positive health domain) and detailed items (stair climbing, pain, vitality, work, depression, memory, sleeping, and happiness). There are four level questions for each item, so the number of health conditions that can be expressed is 65,536, which is much richer than the 3,125 of EQ-five D-five L. In addition, because of a HINT-eight questionnaire survey to 892 adults nationwide, 12.3% answered that there was no problem in all items, which showed that the ceiling effect was lower than that of EQ-five D-five L (76.3%). This means that HINT-eight can show the HRQOL of the public in Korea more precisely than the EQ-five D tool [32, 34].

Despite the advantages of HINT-eight, this tool has not been developed for a while, and follow-up studies have not been conducted properly, so its utility is insignificant so far [23]. Therefore, in this study, HINT-eight was used to analyze HRQOL according to physical activity and to use it as data to improve the QOL of middle-aged women.

3. Research Method

3.1. Study Design

This study is a cross-sectional descriptive research study to confirm the effect of physical activity on QOL in middle-aged women. The data used are open public secondary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), and the QOL related to health according to physical activity was confirmed using the basic data (Approval No. 117002) [35].

3.2. Participants and Procedure

This study used data from the eighth KNHANES conducted in 2019. The KNHANES is a survey on health behavior, prevalence of chronic diseases, food, and nutrition conducted under Article 16 of the National Health Promotion Act. In addition, it is an open public statistical data designated by the Korean government in accordance with Article 17 of the Statistical Act (Approval No. 117002). The KNHANES is a nationwide health and nutrition examination survey conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare and the KCDC, with the aim of producing representative and reliable statistics on national and municipal scales regarding the health status, health behavior, and nutrition status of the Korean people. Sampling bias was controlled through sampling guidelines in the KCDC to which clustered, multistage, stratified, and probability sampling was applied [35].

Prior to data collection, informed consent was obtained from all study participants, and data collection was performed by the KCDC in compliance with research ethics guidelines [35]. The data can be used for research purposes alone, can only be accessed in accordance with the KCDC guidelines, and do not contain information that can identify individual participants. Among the effective sample of 8,110 people in the total sample, 1,428 middle-aged women aged 45-64 years were collected as data through case selection. The survey of this data was conducted in a circular stratified sampling method from January-December 2019. This data was investigated using the health survey method, such as household survey, health interview survey, and health behavior survey (self-reported survey) [35].

3.3. Research Tools

3.3.1. Physical Activity

In this study, the practice of physical activity refers to the practice of physical activity in the data of the KNHANES. Physical activity means engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity for at least 2 hours and 30 minutes per week, or engaging in high-intensity physical activity for at least 1 hour and 15 minutes, or it is a combination of moderate-intensity and high-intensity physical activity (). High-intensity physical activity refers to vigorous physical activity that results in shortness of breath or a very fast heartbeat, and “moderate physical activity” refers to moderate-intensity physical activity that results in slightly shortness of breath or slightly rapid heartbeat [35].

3.3.2. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)

The HRQOL in this study was measured with the Korean Health-related Quality of Life Instrument with eight items (HINT-eight) of the KNHANES data designed to discriminate healthy population groups [32, 35]. The physical health domain of HINT-eight-four L consists of three subfactors: stair climbing, pain, and vitality. The questions measuring the stair climbing factor were designed with questions such as “.” The questions measuring the pain factors were designed with questions such as “.” The questions to measure the vitality factor were designed such as “.” The social health domain of HINT-eight-four L is composed of work factors. The questions measuring the work factors were designed with questions such as “.” The mental health domain of HINT-eight-four L consists of three subfactors: depression, memory, and sleep. The questions measuring the depressive factors were designed such as “.” The questions measuring the memory factors were designed such as “.” The questions measuring the sleep factors were designed such as “.” The positive health domain of HINT-eight-four L consists of happiness factors. The questions measuring the happiness factor were designed with questions such as “” [32, 35].

3.4. Data Analysis Method

The data collected in this study were using the SPSS 21.0 program. Frequency and percentage were conducted to find out the demographic characteristics. A -test was conducted to confirm the relationship between demographic characteristics, health status, health behavior, physical variables, and presence or absence of physical activity. The correlation between physical activity and eight subfactors of HINT-eight-four L were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation; factors affecting HINT-eight-four L were identified by multiple regression analysis.

4. Research Results

4.1. Difference in Physical Activity according to General Characteristics

Table 1 shows the differences in physical activity according to general characteristics. As a result of a survey of 1,428 people to confirm the relationship between the subject’s characteristics and physical activity, age and physical activity were found to be correlated with each other (, ). 11.5% in their 40s, 21.0% in their 50s, and 9.0% in their 60s were found to engage in physical activity. There was no correlation between marital status and physical activity. 33.3% living together, 4.4% separated or divorced, 2.6% widowed, and 1.1% single were found to engage in physical activity. Educational level and physical activity were found to be correlated with each other (, ). It was found that 4.0% of elementary school graduates or less, 4.7% of middle school graduates, 19.3% of high school graduates, and 13.5% of college graduates or higher engage in physical activity. The residential area and physical activity were found to be correlated (21,). It was found that 6.0% of eup and myeon residents and 35.4% of dong residents engaged in physical activity.

4.2. Relationship between Subjects’ HINT-Eight and Physical Activity

Because of confirming the relationship between the subject’s quality of life related to health (HINT-8) and physical activity, the results shown in Table 2 were obtained. The relationship between stair climbing and physical activity was found to be statistically significant (, ). As for the responses of the subjects, it was found that 23.4% of the subjects had no difficulty climbing stairs, 16.9% had some difficulty, and 1.2% had a lot of difficulty doing s physical activity. The relationship between pain and physical activity was not statistically significant. As for the responses of the subjects, no pain at all 16.0%, slightly present 22.3%, severe pain 2.7%, and excruciating pain 0.5% were found to be physical activity. The correlation between vitality and physical activity was found to be statistically significant (, ). The subjects’ vitality was always present 14.0%, frequently 14.5%, occasionally 12.3%, and never at all 0.8% showed physical activity. The relationship between work and physical activity was found to need further confirmation statistically (, ). It was found that 23.5% of the subjects had no difficulty working at all, 16.1% had a little, 1.5% had a lot, and 0.4% could not do physical activity. The relationship between depression and physical activity was not statistically significant. 20.7% were not depressed at all, 19.0% were occasionally depressed, 1.5% were often depressed, and 0.3% always depressed were found to engage in physical activity. The correlation between memory and physical activity was not statistically significant. There was no difficulty in remembering at showing physical activity. The relationship between sleep and physical activity was found to be statistically significant (. ). 18.7% had no difficulty sleeping at all, 23.5% had a little, 4.0% had a lot, and 0.3% had difficulty sleeping. The relationship between happiness and physical activity was found to be statistically significant (, ). were found to engage in physical activity.

4.3. Correlation between HINT-Eight and Physical Activity

The correlation between the subject’s physical activity and HINT-eight is as follows [Table 3]: Physical activity showed a positive correlation with stair climbing (), vitality (), and happiness (). Stair climbing showed a positive correlation with pain (), vitality (), working (), depression (), memory (), sleep (), and happiness (). Stair climbing showed a strong positive correlation with pain, vitality, and working. Pain showed a positive correlation with vitality (), working (), depression (), memory (), sleeping (), and happiness (). Pain showed a strong positive correlation with working, depression, and sleeping. Vitality showed a positive correlation with work (), depression (), memory (), sleeping (), and happiness (). Vitality showed a strong positive correlation with work, depression, sleeping, and happiness. Depression showed a positive correlation with memory (), sleeping (), and happiness (). Depression showed a strong positive correlation with sleeping and happiness. Memory showed positive correlation with sleep () and happiness (). Sleep showed a positive correlation with happiness ().

4.4. Factors Affecting the HINT-Eight

A causal model was established to confirm the effect of physical activity on the QOL. Independent variables were physical activity, age, education level, monthly household income, and grip strength, while the dependent variable was HINT-eight. Stair climbing, pain, vitality, work, depression, memory, sleep, and happiness are all subfactors of the construct idea of QOL. To check whether multicollinearity occurs between variables set by this model, tolerance limits and variance expansion factors were examined. As a result, the tolerance limit value was 0.972~0.710 and the variance expansion factor was 1.408~1.029, suggesting that all models in this study do not have multicollinearity problems (Table 4).

The effect of physical activity on stair climbing was found to be statistically significant in the causal model (Adj. ). Stair climbing positively affected physical activity, education level, and grip strength: age negatively affected. The effect of physical activity on pain was found to be statistically significant in the causal model (). Pain positively affected as education level and grip strength. The effect of physical activity on vitality was found to be statistically significant in the causal model (). Vitality positively affected physical activity, monthly household income, and grip strength. The effect of physical activity on working was found to be statistically significant in the causal model (). Work positively affected education level, monthly household income, and grip strength, and age negatively affected. The effect of physical activity on depression was found to be statistically significant in the causal model (). Depression positively affected on household income. The effect of physical activity on memory was found to be statistically significant in the causal model (). Memory factors positively affected education level, and age negatively affected. The effect of physical activity on sleeping was found to be statistically significant in the causal model (). Sleep factors positively affected education level, and age negatively affected. The effect of physical activity on happiness was found to be statistically significant in the causal model (). Happiness positively affected physical activity and monthly household income.

5. Discussion

In this study, the general characteristics of middle-aged women, differences in physical activity for HINT-eight, and factors affecting HINT-eight were investigated.

Physical activity showed significant differences among general characteristics such as age, economic level, and residence, and among HINT-eight, stairs climbing, vitality, and happiness showed significant differences. In other words, it is similar to the results of previous studies showing that the older the age, the higher the economic level, and the more people live in cities, the more physical activity [36].

The relevance of physical activity was confirmed by classifying the HINT-eight into physical health, social health, mental health, and positive health. The physical health domains were stair climbing, pain, and vitality, and among them, stair climbing, and vitality to be statistically significant. As for the response of the subjects, it that the group without difficulty climbing stairs performed physical activity more than the group with much difficulty. In terms of vitality, it that the group with frequent vitality performed physical activity more than the target group with no vitality at all. Working, a social domain, showed statistically significant results with physical activity. It that the target group, who had no difficulty in working, did more physical activity than the target group who was unable to work. Depression, memory, and sleeping during sleep, which are mental domains, showed statistically significant results with physical activity. It was found that the subjects who had no difficulty in sleeping performed more physical activity than the subjects who could not sleep. The positive domain, happiness, showed statistically significant results with physical activity. In other words, the subjects who were always happy engaged in greater physical activity than the subjects who were unhappy. Through this, it was confirmed that the physical activity of middle-aged women did not have any difficulties in climbing stairs, had vitality, had no difficulty in work, had no difficulty in sleeping, and the happy subjects had more physical activity. Exercise and physical activity have been shown to have a positive effect on QOL [37]. Experimental and cross-sectional studies have shown a positive correlation between the level of physical activity and QOL in healthy individuals [38]. Exercise also reduced depression and enhanced the QOL of inpatients with depression, especially in the physical and mental domains [39].

The QOL in middle-aged means that the individual’s sense of happiness or satisfaction should be included in addition to the various objectively observable physical, environmental, economic, and political social indicators, which also represent physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects. It also aims to reduce health risk factors of individuals, groups, families, and communities to improve QOL and promote change to a healthy lifestyle. Middle-aged women who maintain close relationships with people around them and receive support do not show depressive tendencies, whereas middle-aged women who have some supporters have more depression [40, 41]. Among the preceding studies related to the QOL of middle-aged women, the relationship between age and QOL among demographic variables is as follows. There have been studies that suggest that age has an effect on happiness [42] and studies that show that life satisfaction grows with age [40]. In this study, age to be related to stair climbing, pain, work, and sleeping among HRQOL subvariables. In other words, as one gets older, it becomes more difficult to undertake physical tasks like climbing stairs and working, the frequency of discomfort rises, and sleeping becomes more difficult, which contradicts previous studies. Furthermore, happiness is not affected by age, showing a difference from previous studies.

Regarding income, Lee [43] said that personal or family income is correlated with the happiness of married women, and that income satisfaction has a greater effect on the QOL than income has a direct effect on the QOL. It was stated that there was a variation in happiness based on income satisfaction. In this study, income level was found to be related to vitality, work, depression, and happiness among HRQOL subvariables. In other words, it was found that as the income level increased, the vitality increased, and the performance in physical activities such as climbing stairs and working was found to be good. This shows similar results to previous studies [43]. As for the educational level and QOL, it has been studied that the higher the education level, the higher the QOL [28]. In this study, education level was related to stair climbing, pain, memory, and happiness among HRQOL subvariables. In other words, that as the level of education increased, the performance of stair climbing physical activities increased, the pain was reduced, and memory and happiness were improved. This shows similar results to previous studies [44].

Depression suggested a major factor that can negatively affect the QOL of middle-aged women. In Korea, 52.3% of middle-aged women experience depression [45], and the incidence of depression is 1.7 to 3 times higher than that of men, and depression occurs mainly in their late 40s [45]. The reason for this high incidence is that it responds specifically to social, economic, and emotional factors that only women experience, and biological differences according to sex [46]. In particular, middle-aged women have more depression and health problems than women who maintain gender equality because they perform household responsibilities and traditional roles [47, 48]. In addition, in a previous study [49], depression was found to be higher in the “lower” income group than in the high-income group and lower in individuals with a spouse than in individuals without a spouse. Another study [50] found a link between low socioeconomic status and high depression and suggested that low and unstable socioeconomic status increases economic stress and promotes negative self-concepts, which in turn lead to depression.

Middle-aged women are manifested in various symptoms. By managing these symptoms in middle-aged women, health can be maintained and promoted in old age, and QOL can be improved [51]. To maintain a healthier and more QOL, middle-aged women need to understand the changes according to the symptoms of middle-aged. In addition, it is important to achieve optimal health by enabling self-care such as activities, exercise management, and dietary management so that they can perform health management on their own.

One of the strengths of this study is that it utilized data from a large population sample. The participants in the KNHANES are a nationally representative sample of civilians in South Korea, and it is possible to generalize results by conducting the analysis according to the guidelines of the KCDC [35, 51]. This study has some limitations. First, because there have not been enough previous studies on middle-aged women, numerous follow-up studies with different factors should be undertaken. Second, although it is possible to extend the interpretation to Korean adults, it would be difficult to extend the interpretation of the results to other countries with cultural differences. Finally, variable extraction was limited because data collected by the government, and not directly collected by the researcher, was used for research.

6. Conclusions

In this study, the general characteristics of middle-aged women, differences in physical activity for HINT-eight, and factors affecting HINT-eight were investigated. Physical activity showed significant differences among general characteristics such as age, economic level, and residence, and among HINT-eight, stairs climbing, vitality, and happiness showed significant differences. The physical activity showed a correlation with stair climbing, vitality, and happiness. Stair climbing was correlated with pain, vitality, work, depression, memory, sleep, and happiness. In this study, physical activity was found to be an important influencing factor of HINT-8. Physical activity has been identified as an intervention method that has a positive effect on QOL in previous studies. However, previous studies have identified factors that influence physical activity in general age groups or simply. The greatest significance of this study is that the QOL of middle-aged women through HINT-eight was confirmed and comparatively analyzed from eight specific viewpoints. The results of this study can be usefully used as basic data for establishing a public health strategy by using representative national data to establish strategies for middle-aged women’s physical activity and QOL in the future. Considering the differences in the influencing factors revealed through this study, we propose a longitudinal study to verify the effectiveness of strategies to improve the QOL appropriate for each target group.

Data Availability

KNHANES data are publicly accessible. The data can be accessed and downloaded from the KNHANES homepage (URL: https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/eng/index.do).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

S. D. Hong, Effect of 8-week gym ball training on body composition and vascular elasticity in obese middle-aged women, [M.S. thesis], Mokwon University, 2011.
Y. S. Nam and M. S. Kim, “Effects of thera band resistance training in body composition, physical fitness and blood composition on middle-age females in 12 weeks,” The Korean Society of Sports Science, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1205–1216, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
G. H. Lee and C. J. Jang, “Korean urban woman's experience of menopause: new life,” The Korean Journal of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 70–86, 1992.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. B. Kim, H. K. Kim, and M. Kim, “Characteristics of health promotion behavior and health belief of women by body mass index,” Journal of Physical Growth and Motor Development, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 45–55, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
G. M. Lee and J. H. Choi, “Exercise and aging,” in Chungbuk National University Lifelong Sports Research Institute 8th Proceedings, pp. 156–1547, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Ferrucci, “Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences,” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 693–700, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. S. Kim, Y. G. Kim, D. S. Choi, I. G. Jeong, and J. S. Lee, “Effect of aerobic dance training on body composition, serum lipids and lipoproteins,” The Korea Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 18–26, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Health Center Health Life Practice Project Guide, Republic of Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Health Center Health Life Practice Project Guide, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Sejong, 2012.
M. L. Lee, “A model for exercise behavior in early-middle-aged women,” Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 610–619, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Pilu, M. Sorba, M. Hardoy et al., “Efficacy of physical activity in the adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorders: preliminary results,” Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 8, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Mota-Pereira, J. Silverio, S. Carvalho, J. C. Ribeiro, D. Fonte, and J. Ramos, “Moderate exercise improves depression parameters in treatment-resistant patients with major depressive disorder,” Journal of Psychiatry Research, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 1005–1011, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. K. Edwards and P. D. Loprinzi, “Effects of a sedentary behavior-inducing randomized controlled intervention on depression and mood profile in active young adults,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 91, no. 8, pp. 984–998, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Hallgren, B. Stubbs, D. Vancampfort, A. Lundin, P. Jaakallio, and Y. Forsell, “Treatment guidelines for depression: greater emphasis on physical activity is needed,” European Psychiatry, vol. 40, pp. 1–3, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. R. Wagner, “ACSM’s resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 5th Edition,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 37, no. 11, p. 2018, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Y. Goh, E. K. Yoon, and M. N. Lee, “Effectiveness of physical activity program in improving the self-esteem of female elderly in rural areas,” Asia-Pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange, FuCoS, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 151–163, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B.-E. Karen and C. Maria, “Obesity and cancer risk: recent review and evidence,” Current Oncology Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 71–76, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. S. Mazzeo, P. Cavanagh, W. J. Evans et al., “Exercise and physical activity for older adults,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 992–1008, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199806000-00033.
View at: Google Scholar
WHO, Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior, WHO, Geneva, 2020.
Korea Elderly Health Association, Korea Elderly Health Association Geriatric Kinesiology Guidelines, Hanmi Medicine, Seoul, 2015.
J. R. Halliwill, “Mechanisms and clinical implications of post-exercise hypotension in humans,” Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 65–70, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. D. Rethorst, P. Sunderajan, T. L. Greer et al., “Does exercise improve self-reported sleep quality in non-remitted major depressive disorder?” Psychological Medicine, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 699–709, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. M. Hofman, M. A. Babyak, A. Sherwood et al., “Effects of aerobic exercise on sexual functioning in depressed adults,” Mental Health and Physical Activity, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 23–28, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Zschucke, B. Renneberg, F. Dimeo, T. Wüstenberg, and A. Ströhle, “The stress-buffering effect of acute exercise: evidence for HPA axis negative feedback,” Psycho neuroendocrinology, vol. 51, pp. 414–425, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Wijndaele, L. Matton, N. Duvigneaud et al., “Association between leisure time physical activity and stress, social support and coping: a cluster-analytical approach,” Psychology of Sport and Exercise, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 425–440, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Compare, C. Zarbo, E. Shonin, W. Van Gordon, and C. Marconi, “Emotional regulation and depression: a potential mediator between heart and mind,” Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology, vol. 2014, Article ID 324374, 10 pages, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. T. Baune, G. S. Malhi, G. Morris et al., “Cognition in depression: can we THINC-it better?” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 225, pp. 559–562, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Physical Education Research Institute, First-Class Life Sports Instructor Training Fellowship (Exercise Prescription), Daehan Media, Seoul, 2009.
S. H. Lee, S. L. Jeong, and M. D. Heo, “Effects of aerobic exercise and combined aerobic exercise with muscle strength exercise program on body fat distribution in obese women,” Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 881–888, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. E. Park, S. Y. Kim, K. E. Yeob, and J. K. Park, “The association between smoking and health levels in male adults: focusing on obesity indices and health-related quality of life,” Korean Association of Health and Medical Sociology, vol. 48, pp. 95–120, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
G. C. Dunbar, M. J. Stoker, T. C. P. Hodges, and G. Beaumont, “The development of SBQOL-A unique scale for measuring quality of life,” British Journal of Medical Economics, vol. 2, pp. 65–74, 1992.
View at: Google Scholar
J. I. Kim, A study of state anxiety on menopause in middle-aged women, [M.S. thesis], Korea University, 1996.
H. J. Lee, M. W. Jo, S. H. Choi, Y. J. Kim, and G. W. Oh, “Development and psychometric evaluation of measurement instrument for Korean health-related quality of life,” Public Health Weekly Report, vol. 9, no. 24, pp. 447–454, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Spreizer and E. E. Snyder, “Correlates of life satisfaction among the aged,” Journal of Gerontology, vol. l, no. 29, pp. 454–458, 1974.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. E. Lee, “A study on deriving a conversion formulae using mapping between HINT-8 and EQ-5D instruments,” The Korean Journal of Health Economics and Policy, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 77–103, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
KCDC, Guidelines for the use of raw data from the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES)-8th 1st year 2019, KCDC, 2021.
S. A. Kim, Y. Song, and M. Kwon, “Do adults who practice aerobic physical activities have different influencing factors for depression: a secondary data analysis,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health., vol. 19, no. 10, p. 6142, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. S. Ra and M. Gang, “Depression moderates between physical activity and quality of life in low- income children,” Applied Nursing Research, vol. 29, pp. e18–e22, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Atlantis, C. M. Chow, A. Kirby, and S. M. Fiatarone, “An effective exercise-based intervention for improving mental health and quality of life measures: a randomized controlled trial,” Preventive Medicine, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 424–434, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. B. Schuch, M. P. Vasconcelos-Moreno, C. Borowsky, A. B. Zimmermann, N. S. Rocha, and M. P. Fleck, “Exercise and severe major depression: effect on symptom severity and quality of life at discharge in an inpatient cohort,” Journal of Psychiatry Research, vol. 61, pp. 25–32, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. S. Kang, A study on factors affecting depression in middle-aged women - focused on Seo-gu, Jung-gu, Daegu, [M.S. thesis], Baptist Theological Seminary, 2003.
J. Y. Eom and S. J. Cho, “The influence of mindfulness and positive psychological capital on psychological burnout of middle-aged women,” International Journal of Social Welfare Promotion and Management, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 25–30, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. S. Kim, “Home management ability and behavioral patterns of working housewives, and satisfaction with family life,” Kwandong University Academic Journal, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 417–438, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
H. S. Lee, “Impact of income on subjective quality of life,” Korea Journal of Population Studies, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 91–117, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
M. S. Lee, “Gender differences on subjective quality of life,” Korean Journal of Psychology: General, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 89–101, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. N. Lee and H. S. Park, “A study on the stage of change in exercise behaviors, exercise self-efficacy, depression and stress in middle-aged women,” Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 218–225, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Y. Lee, S. H. Lee, and B. S. Kie, “A study on psychological strain in menopausal women,” Obstetrics & Gynecology Science, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 555–561, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
H. S. Park, M. H. Seong, and Y. N. Lee, “Effects of health management program on body composition, self-efficacy and health promotion behavior in middle-aged women,” Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 152–160, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Ryewon and J. Y. Jee, “Effects of combined exercise on exercise adherences and health self-efficacy in middle-aged women,” International Journal of Advanced Nursing Education and Research, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 45–50, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Xue, J. Lu, X. Zheng et al., “The relationship between socioeconomic status and depression among the older adults: the mediating role of health promoting lifestyle,” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 285, pp. 22–28, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Tracy, F. J. Zimmerman, S. Galea, E. McCauley, and A. Vander Stoep, “What explains the relation between family poverty and childhood depressive symptoms?” Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 42, pp. 1163–1175, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Y. Kim, “The effects of climacteric symptoms and depression on the quality of life in middle-age women, [M.S. thesis],” Tech. Rep., AJOU University Medical Information, 2019, http://repository.ajou.ac.kr/handle/201003/17837.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Myung-Nam Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

400

Downloads

423

Citations