Effects of Long-Term Regular Continuous and Intermittent Walking on Oxidative Stress, Metabolic Profile, Heart Rate Variability, and Blood Pressure in Older Adults with Hypertension
Table 1
Physical and physiological characteristics of participants before and after the exercise program.
CON group (n = 22)
INT group (n = 21)
p value
Before
After
Before
After
Age (yrs)
70.95 ± 5.00
71.20 ± 5.00
70.86 ± 6.51
71.11 ± 6.51
0.956
Gender (M/F) (%)
8/14 (36/64)
8/14 (36/64)
2/19 (10/90)
2/19 (10/90)
0.037
Height (m)
1.57 ± 0.08
1.57 ± 0.08
1.55 ± 0.07
1.55 ± 0.07
0.524
Body mass (kg)
56.65 ± 10.72
56.66 ± 10.57
59.33 ± 8.11
57.07 ± 10.66
0.592
BMI (kg/m2)
22.97 ± 3.54
22.93 ± 3.59
24.55 ± 2.66
22.95 ± 3.53
0.369
Body fat (%)
29.71 ± 8.09
29.68 ± 8.32
36.65 ± 6.36
30.84 ± 7.59
0.334
Fat mass (kg)
17.03 ± 6.25
17.04 ± 6.33
21.83 ± 5.13
17.76 ± 5.92
0.300
Fat-free mass (%)
70.29 ± 8.11
70.33 ± 8.33
63.29 ± 6.31
69.17 ± 7.60
0.317
Fat-free mass (kg)
39.61 ± 7.79
39.62 ± 7.69
37.46 ± 5.92
39.31 ± 7.84
0.517
Body water (%)
51.77 ± 6.08
51.79 ± 6.21
46.59 ± 4.73
50.90 ± 5.64
0.328
Water mass (kg)
29.18 ± 5.77
29.18 ± 5.69
27.59 ± 4.45
28.93 ± 5.80
0.541
Protein mass (kg)
7.74 ± 1.55
7.73 ± 1.53
7.24 ± 1.16
7.67 ± 1.55
0.434
Mineral mass (kg)
2.70 ± 0.49
2.71 ± 0.48
2.68 ± 0.40
2.71 ± 0.49
0.873
Visceral fat level
6.91 ± 2.49
6.95 ± 2.50
8.71 ± 1.82
7.24 ± 2.28
0.176
Waist circumference (cm)
82.30 ± 11.52
81.07 ± 11.52
85.54 ± 7.77
81.10 ± 11.60
0.473
Hip circumference (cm)
94.01 ± 9.04
92.72 ± 7.89
98.50 ± 5.78
93.33 ± 7.61
0.333
W/H ratio
0.88 ± 0.06
0.88 ± 0.06
0.89 ± 0.06
0.88 ± 0.05
0.989
Data are mean ± SD. CON, continuous walking; INT, intermittent walking; BMI, body mass index; W/H, waist to hip circumference ratio. , significantly different from before exercise program (two-way ANOVA).
