Time-Related Changes in Volatile Compounds during Fermentation of Bulk and Fine-Flavor Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Beans

Table 1

Volatile compounds and aroma descriptors found at different sampling stages.

Chemical group	Compound	Aroma descripto	Sampl
Acids	Carbamic acid	NF	C0, C2, F0, F1, F2, N1, N2
	Acetic acid	Pungent, stinging sour	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Peracetic acid	Pungent, stinging sour	C4, C5, F4, F5, N4, N5
	Propanoic acid	Pungent, rancid, soy	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F2, F3, F4, F5, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Butanoic acid	Rancid, cheese, sweat	C2, C3, C4, C5, F2, F3, F4, F5, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Hexanoic acid	Fatty	C5, F5, N5
	Heptanoic acid	Cheesy	C4, C5, F4, F5, N4, N5
	Pentanoic acid	Sweat	C2, C3, C4, C5, F2, F3, F4, F5, N2, N3, N4, N5
	4-Hexanoic acid	Fatty	C0, F0, N0
Alcohols	Ethanol	sweet	C0, C1, F1, N0, N1
	2-Pentanol	Green	C1, F1, N1
	1-Butanol	Medicine, fruit, wine	N1
	2,3-Butanediol	Fruit, onion	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	5-Hepten-2-ol	NF	C0, C1, F0, F1, N0, N1
	Cyclohexanol	Camphoraceous	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	2-Heptanol	Citrus	C0, C1, C2, C4, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N4, N5
	L-Linalool	Flower, lavender	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Benzeneethanol	Honey, spice, rose, lilac	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Epoxylinalol	Flower	C3, C4, C5, F4, F5, N5
	3-Octen-1-ol	Fruity	C3, F3, F4, N3, N4, N5
	1-Phenylpent-4-en-2-ol	NF	C5, F5
Aldehydes & Ketones	Butanal	Fruity, green, banana/pungent	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	2-Pentanone	Fruity	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F2, F3, F4, F5, N2, N3, N4, N5
	2-Butanone	NF	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Pentanal	Almond, malt, pungent	C0, C2, F0, N1, N2
	Hexanal	Grass, tallow, fat	C0, C1,
	2-Heptanone	Fruity Floral	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Benzaldehyde	Cherry, candy, almond, burnt sugar	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	3,6-Heptanedione	NF	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Benzeneacetaldehyde	Green	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Ethanone, 1-phenyl	Must, flower, almond	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	2-Nonanone	Fruity	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Decanal	Soap, orange peel, tallow	C1, C2, F1, F2, F3, N1, N2
	2-Undecanone	Fruity	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	Tetramethoxyisoquino(1,2-b)quinazolin-8-one	NF	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4. N5
Esters	2-Pentanol acetate	Bananas	C0, C1, C3, C4, F0, F1, F3, F4, N0, N1, N4
	2-Heptanol, acetate	NF	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	2-Octanol, acetate	Fruity	C0, F0, F1, N0, N3
	2-Octenyl-acetate	NF	F1, N4
	Benzoic acid, pentyl ester	Floral	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N4, N5
Hydrocarbons	2,4-Diacetoxypentane	NF	C0, F0, N0, N1
	1,3-Cyclohexadiene	NF	C0, N3
	Naphthalene	Pungent, dry, tarry	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	2-Acetoxytetradecane	NF	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1 N2, N3, N4, N5
	Nonacosane	NF	C2, C3, C4, C5, F2, F3, N2, N4, N5
	α-Copaene	Wood, spice	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N4, N5
	Germacrene	Wood	C3, F3
	Valencene	Green oil	C3, N3
	Trimethylacenaphthylene	NF	F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N4
	Aromadendrene	Wood	C3, N3
	Octacosane	NF	C0, F0, N0
	Octane	Alkane	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N2, N4, N5
Amines	Pyridine	Fishy	C4, C5, F4, F5, N4, N5
	6-Undecylamine	NF	C3, N3
Furans	Trimethyltetrahydrofuran	NF	C0, C1, N1
	Furan	NF	C0, F0, N0
Sulfur	Methane, thiobis-	Sulfurous	C0, C3, C4, F0, F3, F4, N0, N3, N4
Others	Carbon dioxide	NF	C3, C4, C5, F3, F4, F5, N3, N4, N5
	1-Amino-1-ortho-chlorophenyl-2-(2-quinoxaliny)ethene	NF	C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, N0, N1, N2, N3, N4, N5
	3-Fromyl-N-methyl-9-[phenylethynyl]dibenzo[2,3-a:5,6-a](1,4)-thiazine	NF	C0, C1, C2, C3, F0, F2, N0, N1, N2, N3
	Caffeine	NF	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, F5, N1, N4
	2-Methil-5H-dibenz[b,f]-azepine	NF	C0, C1, C2, C3, F0, F1, F2, F3, N1, N2, N3

= not found. digit represents the cultivar (C = Criollo, F = Forastero, and N = Nacional) and the second digit the fermentation time in days.