|
| Discharge description | Exposure time | Results | Paper |
|
| DBD, atmospheric pressure, air, 80 kV, 50 Hz | 20 min | Bacteria and fungi reduction of 2.5 log10 | [36] |
| Grain surface hydrophobicity decreased |
| Minimal or negative influence on germination |
|
| DBD, atmospheric pressure, air, AC 20 kV, 14 kHz | 0–120 s | 1 log10 reduction of natural bacteria and 2 log10 reduction of filamentous fungi | [37] |
| Grain water uptake increased |
| Germination increased, optimum at 30 s, over 70 s lower than control |
| Increase in dry weight and vigor index, optimum for 30 s |
|
| DBD | | Significant reduction of microbial contamination | [38] |
| No or negative (over 20 min) influence on germination |
|
| DBD, atmospheric pressure, air, AC 10 kV, ca 13 kHz | 20 s | Total reduction of larvae of flour beetles Tribolium confusum and Ephestia kuehniella | [41] |
| No significant changes in fat, protein, ash, and moisture content of flour |
|
| DBD, atmospheric pressure, air, 17 kV, 50 Hz | 4 min | Improvement of water uptake of grain surface | [44] |
| Germination potential, germination index, germination rate, and vigor index increased |
| Shoot length, root length, dry weight, and fresh weight increased |
| Penetrating of active species into grains improves soluble protein content and α-amylase activity |
|
| DBD, atmospheric pressure, air, AC 13 kV, 50 Hz | 13 min | Etching effect on the grain surface; improvement of water uptake | [45] |
| Germination potential, germination rate, germination index, and vigor index increased |
| Root length, shoot length, fresh weight, and dry weight of the seedlings increased, optimum at 7 min |
| Enhanced the osmotic-adjustment products and proline and soluble sugar contents |
|
| DBD, atmospheric pressure, air, AC 15 kV in amplitude, 50 Hz | 5–30 min | Grain wettability increased | [47] |
| Minimal influence on germination |
| Longer roots and sprouts and heavier roots increase of the R/S ratio |
|
| DBD, atmospheric pressure, air, AC 18 kV amplitude, 50 Hz | 5–45 min | Improved the germination rate, speed of germination, and speed of growing in the early stage; over 30 min properties decreased under untreated | [61] |
| Improved length of roots and sprout, vigor index, number of roots; over 30 min decreased under control |
|
| DBD, low pressure 10 torr, Ar/O2 and Ar/Air, 5–10 kV, 3–8 kHz | 90 s | Improved germination rate and seedling vigor | [42] |
| Decrease of root length and root dry weight; increase of shoot length and shoot dry weight |
| Increase of soluble proteins in both roots and shoots |
|
| DBD atmospheric pressure, air, 10 kV, 6 kHz and up to 24 kV, 50–Hz | 5–35 min | Reduction of lipase and lipoxygenase enzymes activity; enhance the shelf life of grains | [63] |
| DBD, variable gas or air, 0.5–3 kV, 50 Hz, from low pressure under 1 mbar to atmospheric pressure | 3 min | 100% mortality of Tribolium castaneum beetle | [66] |
| No significant changes in color of flour |
|
| DBD atmospheric pressure, air, 60–70 kV | 5 and 10 min | Elastic and viscous moduli of dough from strong wheat flour increased; no variation in the dissipation factor tan δ; improvement of the dough strength | [2] |
|
| DBD at atmospheric pressure, 10 kV at 50 Hz | 3 min | Reduced development of Rhizopus nigricans fungal disease | [39] |
|
| | | Cleaning of the seeds surface | |
| DBD at 0–50 kV and 50 Hz in the Ar, N2, air, or O2 atmosphere | 1–19 min | Germination potential increased | [59] |
| Etching effects on the seed coat |
| Shoot and root length increased |
| Increase of soluble protein production |
|
| DBD in air, 80 kV, 50 Hz | 30, 60, or 180 s | Germination rate enhanced | [36] |
| Positive effects on seedling growth |
| Changes of seed surface in seed pH, nitrites, nitrates, and malondialdehyde content |
|
| Not specified, probably DBD, atmospheric air | 120 s | No change in the total count of aerobic bacteria and mould in flour | [67] |
| Total free fatty acids and phospholipids reduced; some oxidation markers increased |
| Treated flour did produce a stronger dough |
|
| DBD at 6–10 kV, 5–15 kHz in the Ar at atmospheric pressure | 0–60 min | Inactivation of bacterial G. stearothermophilus endospores | [40] |
|
| Low-pressure plasma | 15 s | Spike length and number of grains per ear improved; grain weight increased by 1% | [65] |
|
| Low pressure 140 Pa·MW discharge | 3–40 min | Longitudinal cracks and fast wetting of grain surface | [43] |
| Germination enhanced |
| Shoot phenolic compounds increased |
|
| Plasma discharge at frequency 3109 MHz, power 60 W, 80 W, and 100 W, helium atmosphere | 15 s | Improving seed germination potential and germination rate | [58] |
| Improving plant height, root length, and fresh weight |
| Higher chlorophyll content, nitrogen, and moisture content |
|
| CD, atmospheric pressure, air, AC 8 kV, 0.1–83 kHz | 10 s | One-order decrease of fungal colonies | [35] |
| No significant differences on lengths of the root and shoot and on weight of the seedling |
| No significant differences in dry matter of plants’ root length decreased to cca one-half |
|
| Gliding arc discharge, atmospheric pressure, H2O/air, H2O/O2, H2O/O2/air, 5 kV | 3–15 min | Grain surfaces more rough; enhanced water permeability into the grains | [48] |
| Positive (till 6 min) and negative (over 6 min) influence on germination and plant length |
| Increase in total number of grain per spike, grain weight, and yield |
|
| Glow discharge, 1–6 kV, 3–5 kHz, low pressure 1.3 kPa, air, and air + O2 | 3–15 min | Enhancement of water absorption property; increased germination rate | [46] |
| Increase of dry weight, spike length, number of spikelet, and number of grains |
| Yield increased by 20% from plants |
|
| RF 13.56 MHz, air or air + He mixture, low pressure 30–200 Pa | 90 s | Germination increased | [60] |
| Lengths of root and shoot and dry weight increased |
|
| Plasma-activated water produced by a transient spark discharge | Activation time 1–40 min | Improved germination and development of the seedlings | [33] |
| Improved content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves and soluble protein in the roots |
| Suppressed activity of antioxidant enzymes |
|
